Leachable lead and cadmium in microwave-heated ceramic cups: possible health hazard to human

摘要

In this study, we assessed the leachability as well as health risk associated with the consumption from glazed, colourful, ceramic cups, containing lead and cadmium. Both metals leached into the 2.5-min microwave-heated (convection mode, at 140?°C) double-distilled water in concentrations above 0.5?mg/L, the permissible limits of leachable Pb and Cd in ceramic mugs set by United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). On an average, significantly higher Pb leached in new cups, 7.69?±?0.56?mg/L, compared to that in old cups, 3.15?±?0.15?mg/L. Cd leached similarly in both old (1.97?±?0.14?mg/L) and new cups (1.57?±?0.005?mg/L). The chronic daily intake of Pb by children and adults, respectively, consuming from new cups were 1.3–5× and 1.28–6× more than that from old cups. In both the cases, intake values far exceeded WHO reference dose of 0.0006?mg Pb/kg bw/day in children (