Estrogen replacement treatment (ERT) of postmenopausal incontinence has been the topic of extensive debate and research over the past years. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of estrogen receptors throughout the genitourinary tract, and for many years it was postulated that estrogen re-placement had therapeutic benefits on postmenopausal urinary continence. However, recent data from large prospective studies, including randomized trials, have shown an increased incidence of urinary incontinence and worsening symptoms among women using hormone therapy.The pathophysiology of these clinical observations remains unclear.
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