Nutrient amendments in a temperate grassland have greater negative impacts on early season and exotic plant species

摘要

Among the greatest challenges currently facing terrestrial plant communities are anthropogenic nutrient amendments. Nutrient inputs can change community attributes, such as diversity and composition, and have been implicated in the increasing dominance of certain groups of species, like exotics. Overall effects of nutrients will likely be contingent on other factors in the community. One such factor is within-season change in plant communities, which has seldom been examined but may be of considerable importance. We examined within-season effects of nutrient manipulations (fertilization and litter removal) on overall community attributes and different species groups in a temperate grassland. We found the effects of nutrient amendments varied significantly over the growing season. Fertilization reduced species richness and diversity at all census points, but had the greatest effects on communities early and late in the growing season. There were few seasonal effects on species richness within functional groups, suggesting that nutrient effects were consistent and established early. Although fertilization reduced both native and exotic forb species richness throughout the season, exotics surprisingly suffered greater species losses than natives. Comparisons between within-season data and data from the end of season showed nutrient amendments have stronger community effects than previously recognized. We found that differences in cumulative species richness (all species detected during the growing season) between fertilized and unfertilized plots were greater than differences in species richness measures from any single census date. Our results suggest that predicting the overall response of plant communities to anthropogenic nutrient amendments will require thorough temporal assessments, particularly of early season species, which are generally overlooked in community studies.