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Water distribution within smallholder irrigation schemes in Tanzania and its implications for economic inequality

机译:坦桑尼亚小农灌溉计划中的水分配及其对经济不平等的影响

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摘要

This thesis investigates the linkages between water supply and economic inequalities within smallholder irrigation schemes, with particular focus on Tanzania, as a key example of a developing, agrarian economy in sub-Saharan Africa. In developing countries, income inequalities are critical for poverty reduction as they determine how economic growth is distributed and, thus, to which extent the poor benefit relative to everyone else. On a global scale, and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular, poverty is most prevalent in rural areas where agriculture is the main source of livelihoods. Irrigation development is recognised as a key strategy for rural poverty reduction, although a growing body of literature questions its implications for equity and social justice. While this topic is addressed from various perspectives in the literature, there is a gap among empirical studies. Specifically, the linkages between irrigation water supply and economic inequalities at small scales have received limited attention.;To research this need, this thesis carries out quantitative, qualitative and policy investigations on two smallholder irrigation schemes in southern Tanzania. The data originates from structured household surveys, semi-structured interviews with key informants, direct infrastructure observations, maps of the irrigation schemes and documentary sources. The thesis is organised as follows: First, inequality analyses using the Gini coefficient and the Theil index are used to calculate the level and decomposition of income inequalities within six smallholder irrigation schemes in sub-Saharan Africa. Next, qualitative investigations uncover irrigators' perspectives about the association between water supply and economic inequalities within the two Tanzanian schemes. Third, multiple regression analyses evaluate the relative impact of water supply and farm location (as well as other variables) on irrigated crop income and production within smallholder irrigation schemes. Finally, an investigation of Tanzania's water and irrigation institutional framework highlights current policy shortfalls and possible strategies targeting greater equity of irrigation water supply.;This thesis' findings show that high levels of income inequality exist within agricultural communities in Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Mozambique, and that such disparities are not properly considered by development polices based upon national statistics. In particular, within smallholder irrigation schemes, inequities in water supply affect economic inequalities in multiple ways, some of which -- for example erosion of human capital and social stratification --- are not adequately noted in previous literature. Household characteristics and farm location are also shown to be important for irrigated crop incomes and yields. While typically regarded as a good water management practice, the transfer of responsibilities to the local level is shown in this study to be problematic for traditional irrigators. Instead, in the pursuit of greater equity of water supply, participatory process should be considered based on six key equity aspects: quantity; reliability; obligations; benefits/externalities; decision-making; and land rights.;Overall, this thesis contributes the international development and inequality literature by providing a deeper understanding of: a) the effect of irrigation water supply on economic inequalities; and b) which water policies might be changed to reduce water supply inequities within traditional irrigation systems. These findings are important to respond to rural poverty in Africa, as it is at the local scale that poverty, growth and inequality interventions can be most effective. Importantly, because a large part of the world's rural population seeks pathways out of poverty, it is critical to ensure that income-enhancing strategies, such as irrigation, do not result in aggravated economic disparities and a barrier to sustainable human development.
机译:本文研究了小农灌溉计划中供水与经济不平等之间的联系,特别关注坦桑尼亚,这是撒哈拉以南非洲发展中的农业经济的一个重要例子。在发展中国家,收入不平等对于减少贫困至关重要,因为收入不平等决定了经济增长的分配方式,从而决定了穷人相对于其他所有人的利益。在全球范围内,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,贫困在农村地区最为普遍,而农村地区以农业为主要生计。灌溉发展被认为是减少农村贫困的一项关键战略,尽管越来越多的文献质疑其对公平和社会正义的影响。尽管从文学的各个角度解决了这个话题,但实证研究之间还是存在差距。具体来说,灌溉水供应与小规模经济不平等之间的联系受到的关注很少。为了研究这一需求,本论文对坦桑尼亚南部的两种小农灌溉计划进行了定量,定性和政策研究。数据来自结构化的家庭调查,与主要信息提供者的半结构化访谈,基础设施直接观测,灌溉计划图和文献来源。本文的结构如下:首先,使用基尼系数和Theil指数进行不平等分析,以计算撒哈拉以南非洲六个小农户灌溉计划中收入不平等的水平和分解。接下来,定性调查揭示了灌溉者对两个坦桑尼亚计划中供水与经济不平等之间关系的看法。第三,多元回归分析评估了小农灌溉计划中供水和农场位置(以及其他变量)对灌溉作物收入和产量的相对影响。最后,对坦桑尼亚的水和灌溉体制框架进行的调查突出了当前的政策缺陷以及针对更大的灌溉水供应公平性的可能策略。本论文的研究结果表明,津巴布韦,坦桑尼亚和莫桑比克的农业社区内存在严重的收入不平等现象,并且根据国家统计数据,发展政策并未适当考虑这种差距。特别是在小农灌溉计划中,供水不平等会以多种方式影响经济不平等,其中一些因素(例如人力资本流失和社会分层)在以前的文献中并未得到充分提及。还显示了家庭特征和农场位置对灌溉作物的收入和单产很重要。尽管通常被认为是良好的水管理实践,但这项研究表明,将责任转移到地方一级对于传统灌溉者来说是有问题的。相反,在追求更大的供水公平性时,应基于六个关键公平性方面考虑参与过程:数量;可靠性;义务;利益/外部性;做决定;总体而言,本论文通过提供对以下方面的更深刻理解,为国际发展和不平等现象做出了贡献:a)灌溉水供应对经济不平等的影响; b)可以改变哪些水政策以减少传统灌溉系统中的供水不均。这些发现对于应对非洲的农村贫困非常重要,因为在当地,贫困,增长和不平等干预措施可能是最有效的。重要的是,由于世界上很大一部分农村人口都在寻求摆脱贫困的途径,因此至关重要的是,确保诸如灌溉等提高收入的战略不会导致加剧的经济差距和可持续人类发展的障碍。

著录项

  • 作者

    Manero, Ana.;

  • 作者单位

    The Australian National University (Australia).;

  • 授予单位 The Australian National University (Australia).;
  • 学科 Water resources management.;Environmental economics.;Sub Saharan Africa studies.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2018
  • 页码 247 p.
  • 总页数 247
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 生理学;
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:37:06

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