Mangroves are found in tropical and subtropical estuaries and sheltered coastal areas, and tend to develop on mudflats. In Pakistan, their forests are particularly thick and imposing, from Ibrahim Hadri near Korangi creek for approximately 100 miles on the western southern coastline. Mangroves help stabilise coastlines and estuarial flats, as their dense network of roots prevents mud and sand being washed away. Globally they are recognised as a line of defence against surge storms and tsunamis. Mangroves can provide a rich habitat for fish and crustaceans, food for livestock, and firewood. They are an important source for high quality charcoal, and because of their high termite and salt water resistance they are used in shipbuilding. The bark is recognised as a source of tannin, and two species of commercial significance have been characterised.
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