Where the Wetlands Are-And Where They Are Going: Legal and Policy Tools for Facilitating Coastal Ecosystem Migration in Response to Sea-Level Rise

摘要

As sea levels rise, coastal wetlands are encountering physical barriers to inland migration in a phenomenon known as "coastal squeeze." Specifically, wetlands are being squeezed between sea-level rise on one side and human development on the other preventing their natural ability to adapt by moving to higher ground. State and local coastal governments have legal and policy tools available to adapt to sea-level rise and limit the impacts of coastal squeeze on migrating wetlands. This article presents legal and policy tools and considerations governments could evaluate to facilitate long-term wetland conservation and migration to maximize benefits for people, the environment, and economies. This article first provides legal background on the law and federal, state, and local actors that could impact state and local decisions. This article then identifies five primary components of a comprehensive wetland migration strategy for state and local coastal governments: (1.) data; (2.) planning; (3.) voluntary land acquisitions; (4.) legal tools; and (5.) community engagement. This article also includes case study examples. Decisionmakers could potentially integrate any of these five components into existing coastal, environmental, land-use, and climate adaptation efforts to align policy objectives to protect wetlands across different programs and projects.