In the early days of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO), there was a tremendous need for reliable pretreatment but only trial and error taught appropriate solutions, such as well-optimized coagulation schemes followed by dual-stage, dual-media filtration. Nowadays ultrafiltration technology is also available, but to what extent and how cost effectively can it address SWRO pretreatment needs? And to what extent do market needs and technology capabilities match?rnTo address the latter question, one must look at market needs and trends. Two market needs, in particular, will be examined: minimum primary pretreatment schemes and low environmental impact schemes.
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