A low-cost method to measure the timing of postfire flash floods and debris flows relative to rainfall

摘要

Data on the specific timing of postfire flash floods and debris flows are very limited. We describe a method to measure the response times of small burned watersheds to rainfall using a low-cost pressure transducer, which can be installed quickly after a fire. Although the pressure transducer is not designed for sustained sampling at the fast rates (≤2 s) used at more advanced debris flow monitoring sites, comparisons with high-frequency stage data show that measured spikes in pressure sampled at 1 min intervals are sufficient to detect the passage of most debris flows and floods. Postevent site visits are used to measure the peak stage and identify flow type on the basis of deposit characteristics. The basin response time scale (t_b) to generate flow at each site was determined from an analysis of the cross correlation between time series of flow pressure and 5 min rainfall intensity. This time scale was found to be less than 30 min for 40 postfire floods and 11 postfire debris flows recorded in 15 southern California watersheds (≤1.4 km~2). Including data from 24 other debris flows recorded at 5 more instrumentally advanced monitoring stations, we find there is not a substantial difference in the median t_b for floods and debris flows (11 and 9 min, respectively); however, there are slight, statistically significant differences in the trends of flood and debris flow t_b with basin area, which are presumably related to differences in flow speed between floods and debris flows.