Simulation and Assimilation of Passive Microwave Data Using a Snowpack Model Coupled to a Calibrated Radiative Transfer Model Over Northeastern Canada

摘要

Over northern snowmelt-dominated basins, the snow water equivalent (SWE) is of primary interest for hydrological forecasting. This paper evaluates first the performance of a detailed multilayer snowpack model (Crocus), driven by meteorological predictions generated by the Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale model, for hydrological applications. Simulations were compared to daily snow depth and SWE measurements over Quebec, northeastern Canada (56-45 degrees N), for 2012-2016, highlighting an overestimation of the annual maximum snow depth (35%) and of the annual maximum SWE (16%), which is not accurate enough for hydrological applications. To improve SWE simulations, a chain of models is implemented to simulate and to assimilate passive microwave satellite observations. The snowpack model is coupled to a microwave snow emission model (Dense Media Radiative Transfer-Multilayers model, DMRT-ML), and the comparison of simulated brightness temperatures (T-Bs) with surface-based T-B measurements (at 11, 19 and 37GHz) shows best results when the snow stickiness parameter is set to 0.17 in DMRT-ML. The overall root-mean-square error (RMSE) obtained by the calibrated coupling reaches 27K, significantly better than the RMSE obtained by considering nonsticky spheres in DMRT-ML (43.0K). The relevance of T-B assimilation is tested with synthetic observations to evaluate the information content of each frequency for SWE estimates. The assimilation scheme is a Sequential Importance Resampling Particle filter using an ensemble of perturbed meteorological forcing data. The results show a SWE RMSE reduced by 82% with T-B assimilation compared to without assimilation.