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Aerosol Dispersion Over a High Altitude Region: a Case Study of Kathmandu, Nepal

机译:高海拔地区的气溶胶分散:尼泊尔加德满都的案例研究

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Air quality of the Kathmandu Valley has been degraded since few decades with the increase of urbanization in the Valley. The main objective of this study is to find the types of air pollutions and the pollution dispersion pattern in the Valley. A study involving numerical simulation of air dispersion was carried out for Kathmandu Valley and its vicinity using A2C flow/A2C t&d for the mid of April. PM10 and PM2.5 were sampled on quartz filter using the Omni frm sampler, and chemical components were analyzed in the laboratory. Black carbon (BC) was also monitored using the Aethalometer, and natural scenic vista were captured using digital camera (IMI:TECH:IMC-FF:1700018). Aerosol comprised ionic {Na+ (19%), Cl- (17%), Ca++ (14%), SO4-- (14%) and NH4+ (12%)} as well as non-ionic {Si, Fe, Cr, V, and Ni} components. Silicon (Si) comprised 60% of total non-ionic components and approximately 25% of the PM10. BC concentration occupied approximately 17% of the total aerosol; this showed that the BC emission in the Valley was alarming. Airborne dust, traffic emissions, fuels burning, and biomass burning were the primary emission sources. Diurnal variation of Mountain/Valley breeze was frequently experienced in the Valley. The Valley breeze was generated from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. It transports and disperses air pollutants from the downtown of the Valley to the surrounding mountains. The pollutants generated mostly in the northern and central parts of the Valley dispersed throughout the Valley; however, comparatively smaller portion of the pollutants generated from the south and south-east region of the Valley dispersed downtown. In addition, a large portion of the pollutants were transported out of the Valley, into surrounding mountainous area, through the wind corridor.
机译:随着几十年来,加德满都谷的空气质量在山谷中的城市化增加之后劣化。本研究的主要目的是找到空气污染的类型和谷中的污染分散模式。在4月中旬使用A2C流/ A2C T&D,对加德满都谷及其附近进行了涉及空气分散数值模拟的研究。使用OMNI FRM采样器对PM10和PM2.5进行采样,并在实验室分析化学成分。使用聚体仪监测黑碳(BC),使用数码相机捕获自然风景Vista(IMI:Tech:IMC-FF:1700018)。气溶胶包含离子{Na +(19%),Cl-(17%),Ca ++(14%),SO4--(14%)和NH 4 +(12%)},以及非离子{Si,Fe,Cr, v和ni}组件。硅(Si)包含> 60%的总非离子组分和约25%的PM10。 BC浓度占总气溶胶的约17%;这表明山谷的BC排放令人震惊。空中灰尘,交通排放,燃料燃烧,生物量燃烧是主要的排放来源。山谷经常在山谷中昼夜变异。山谷微风从上午9点到9点生成。它运送并将空气污染物从山谷市中心到周围的山脉。主要产生的污染物主要在山谷的北部和中央部分分散在整个山谷中;然而,从山谷南部和东南地区产生的污染物的相对较小的部分污染物。此外,大部分污染物通过风走廊向周围的山区运送出山谷。

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