Modern warships are a network of technologically advanced and complex systems, with each nested subsystem having its unique techniques and procedures for maintaining the supporting equipment and responding to malfunctions and failures. Procedures currently used by the Navy to manage planned maintenance and casualty control typically, however, are written to deal with a singular task or problem and assume a sailor's actions will affect only that particular piece of equipment. These procedures often fail to account for other issues within that subsystem or the networked shipboard environment as a whole. As a result, crewmembers must think critically and anticipate the second- and third-order effects of their intended actions, which is often difficult.
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