Health & Safety Executive (HSE) concerns in the UK regarding the occupational health and safety risks arising from heavy physical work, including the use of vibrating tools in a confined space, together with the requirement to evacuate tunnels quickly in a rescue situation, has been the catalyst for new design guidelines endorsed by the BritishrnTunnelling Society (BTS) and the UK Pipe Jacking Association. The best practice consensus provides guidance for designers of internal dimensions and indicative drive lengths for tunnels and pipejacks below 3m diameter and covers a range of mechanical and manual excavation techniques, for both tunnelling and pipejacking.
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