This article describes recent, significant scientific advances leading to the development of the bioartificial nerve graft. Schwann cells, which play an active role in the repair and function of peripheral nerves, are used to seed a synthetic, often resorbable con- duit, which is then used to bridge and repair nerve gaps caused by injury or disease. By enhancing the rate and extent of regen- eration, the bioartificial nerve aft holds great promise for improving recovery in the peripheral (and central) nervous system
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