Propoor Tourism - Who Benefits? Perspectives On Tourism And Poverty Reduction, C. Michael Hall (ed.), Current Themes In Tourism. Channel View Publications, Clevedon (2007)

摘要

The tourism sector's potential to promote pro-poor development (PPT) increasingly features in policy and as the subject of academic research, although individual entrepreneurs or national and regional authorities still often set the objectives for tourism developments with little regard for potential impacts on others, particularly the socio-cultural and environmental consequences of the development.rnKakwani and Pernia (2000) define pro-poor growth as projects that 'enable the poor to actively participate in and significantly benefit from economic activity.' Ashley and Roe (2001: viii) note, "PPT interventions aim to increase the net benefits for the poor from tourism, and ensure that tourism growth contributes to poverty reduction...PPT strategies aim to unlock opportunities for the poor - whether for economic gain, other livelihood benefits, or participation in decision-making." Klasen (2003) suggests that there are two possible ways to achieve pro-poor growth. The direct way implies that growth is pro-poor if it immediately raises the incomes of the poor. This is most likely to occur in sectors or regions where the poor are employed and using the factors of production they own. In agriculture and non-farm rural and informal sector activities pro-poor projects are labor-intensive and land-intensive, and concentrated in areas with high poverty rates. The second, indirect way of pro-poor growth occurs if the gains from overall economic growth are redistributed to the poor via progressive taxation and targeted government spending, either by direct financial transfers or investment in the assets of the poor, usually by providing basic social services.