P-Wave Azimuthal AVO in a Carbonate Reservoir: An Integrated Seismic Anisotropy Study

摘要

Seismic anisotropy is sensitive to the intensity and orientation of fractures aligned by tectonic or local stress fields. Azimuthal anisotropy of amplitude vs. offset (AzAVO) is one common measure of seismic anisotropy for fracture detection. For this study, we calculated P-wave AzAVO attributes for a Lower Cretaceous limestone reservoir in east Texas, Our study tests AzAVO inversion for the relatively low-fold, fair data quality typical of some land surveys. We developed a workflow to integrate the AzAVO inversion with rock physics, forward seismic modeling, seismic-scale fault interpretation, image logs, and cores. Our AzAVO inversion method was based on Rueger's equation, which describes the observed reflectivity (R) as a function of incidence angle (θ_i) and acquisition azimuth (φ_i) to equal a function of normal incidence reflectivity (A_0), amplitude vs. offset (AVO) slope (B_0), anisotropy magnitude (S_1), orientation of symmetry of anisotropy (φ_0), and noise (n_i): R(θ_i, φ_i) ≈ A_0 + [B_0 + B_1, cos~2(φ_i - φ_0)] sin~2 θ_i + n_i.........(1) Inversion of Riiger's equation yielded four attribute volumes (corresponding to A_0, B_0, B_1, and φ_0). Additionally, we proposed an additional data-quality parameter that describes the relative amount of the total reflection energy predicted by the model. Pre-inversion processing carefully preserved signal via random noise attenuation, superbinning, bandwidth balancing, and phase alignment. In general, AzAVO inversion displayed geologically interpret-able high-anisotropy anomalies. Noise, however, limited our confidence for quantitative fracture prediction. On the flanks of the anticline, data quality was high (greater than 50% fit of observed to predicted amplitude). Here the magnitude of the anisotropy (B_1) volume showed strong lineations parallel to northeast-southwest trending faults. Over the crest of the anticline, the inversion quality was degraded by an overburden effect, coincident with poor data quality (less than 50% fit). AzAVO orientation maps were noisy and in some places obscured by an acquisition footprint. Locally, however, AzAVO orientations were parallel to east-northeast fracture orientations from cores, maximum horizontal stress from image logs, and fast-velocity direction from a dipole-sonic log.