In spite of mutual mistrust and national security concerns, the United States and the Soviet Union began conducting joint space exploration projects in the 1970s, paving the way for decades of cooperation that has provided both nations with economic and political rewards. The same type of approach that transformed U.S.-Sovi-et space competition into cooperation should serve as a template for a U.S.-Russian missile defense alliance, according to Kevin Ryan, a retired U.S. Army brigadier general and executive director for research at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, and Simon Saradzhyan, a Belfer Center fellow.
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