Indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes are transparent and robust and are often used as an electrode in many organic devices, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Helander et al. (p. 944, published online 14 April) report a method for chlorinating ITO that increases its work function—the energy needed to emit an electron—so that the electron energy better matches that of the typical organic active layers. The need to use multiple layers of different materials to build a stepwise charge injection process is avoided, and device efficiency for green organic LEDs is high.
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