Spin-off enterprises: How French academics create hi-tech Companies: the conditions for success or failure

摘要

Surveys in 2988, 1992 and 1994 of enterprises created by scientists show that: these sping-off enterprises from research laboratories are ro- bust, although they do not necessarily lead to job creation; a precondition for the develop- ment of these firms is that they establish net- works of different players; firms that increased their co-operation arrangements with various laboratories were the most successful; it is im- portant to integrate clients from the innovation design phase; and there is a crucial role for public funding during firm's start-up and initial development stage.