Development of the Cambazli (Turgutlu/MANISA) fissure-ridge-type travertine and relationship with active tectonics, Gediz Graben, Turkey

摘要

Travertine occurrences in the Cambazli village area exist at the western edge of the Gediz Graben, comprising the Turgutlu Neogene basin. The "Cambazli travertine" was classified into two main groups based on physical, mineralogical and petrographic properties. Occurrences of travertine are probably due to faulting between the Paleozoic units of Menderes Massif and the Pliocene Kanhtepe Formation. Group I travertine is horizontal and oriented NE-SW and NW-SE, whereas Group II travertine occurrences are oriented E-W direction. The Cambazli travertine is a fissure-ridge type. Travertine continues to develop both in fissures and on the topographic surface as bedded deposits. Layered travertine is deposited on both surfaces of fissures. It develops either symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the centre of the fissure. Kinematical analyses of listric normal fault measurements demonstrate that NNE-SSW extension occurred. The Cambazli travertine in the Gediz Graben has been deposited by hydrothermal waters rising through fracture systems, probably related to an active listric normal fault developed in the north of the study area.