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Shifting cultivators in South Asia: Expansion, marginalisation and specialisation over the long term

机译:南亚正在转变的中耕者:长期的扩张,边缘化和专业化

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This paper will consider alternative perspectives on the long-term history of shifting cultivation in India and Sri Lanka. Ethnographic and historical accounts of shifting cultivation, often by groups marginal to centres of urbanism and agrarian civilisation, are reviewed. Shifting cultivation persists in hill regions which are more marginal for sedentary, high intensity agriculture and state procurement of taxation. This can be considered as a strategy both to exploit more marginal lands and to avoid state domination. The origins of this historical equilibrium are hypothesized to lie with the expansion of later Neolithic agriculture (4000-3000 BP) and the development of hierarchical polities in the Indian plains in the Iron Age (mainly after 3000 BP). The archaeological record of early agriculture indicates that cultivation precedes sedentary villages, suggesting that shifting cultivation may have been a widespread economic system in the Neolithic, in both the Ganges Valley and the Deccan Plateau of South India. These areas are more suited to sedentary cultivation that could support higher population densities. Therefore, as populations grew in the Neolithic the economic system shifted to sedentary agriculture. The expansion of trade networks, hierarchical societies and demographic density pushed shifting cultivation practices into increasingly marginal settings, where this became an interdependent strategy. Specialist hunter -gatherers trading in forest products became an increasingly important aspect of forest exploitation as did cultivation of 'cash crop trees'. The potential to detect the effect of some of these processes in archaeological and palynological evidence is explored.
机译:本文将就印度和斯里兰卡的轮作种植的长期历史考虑其他观点。人们回顾了通常在城市主义和农业文明中心边缘的群体进行耕种转移的人种学和历史记录。在久坐不动的高强度农业和国家征税的边缘地区,轮耕一直持续。这可以被视为既开发更多边缘土地又避免国家统治的战略。据推测,这种历史平衡的起源在于后来的新石器时代农业的发展(4000-3000 BP)和铁器时代(主要在3000 BP之后)印度平原上等级制度的发展。早期农业的考古记录表明,耕种先于久坐的村庄,这表明轮换耕种可能是新石器时代恒河谷和印度南部德干高原的一种广泛的经济体系。这些地区更适合久坐的耕种,可以支持更高的人口密度。因此,随着新石器时代人口的增长,经济体系开始转向久坐的农业。贸易网络的扩大,等级制社会和人口密度的推动,将耕种方法转变为日益边缘化的环境,在这里这成为相互依存的战略。从事森林产品交易的专业猎人-采集者已成为森林开发中越来越重要的方面,而种植“经济作物树”也是如此。探索了在考古和古生物学证据中检测其中某些过程的影响的潜力。

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  • 来源
    《Quaternary International》 |2012年第6期|p.84-95|共12页
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    Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Cordon Square, London WC1H OPY, UK;

    Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Cordon Square, London WC1H OPY, UK;

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