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Quaternary deformation in the Gorubathan recess: Insights on the structural and landscape evolution in the frontal Darjiling Himalaya

机译:Gorubathan凹陷的第四纪变形:对额吉林喜马拉雅山前缘的结构和景观演化的认识

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The Gorubathan recess in the Darjiling frontal Himalaya is an unusual and unique region in the Himalaya as the Ramgarh thrust (RT) rather than the MFT defines the mountain front and the width of the Himalayan arc or the N-S aerial distance between the foreland (27.0947 degrees N, 88.8744 degrees E) and the Tibet Plateau (27.6781 degrees N, 89.1175 degrees E) is merely similar to 70 km here. South of the mountain front, blind faults have deformed several Quaternary alluvial fans and formed scarps over a similar to 35 km N-S zone. We first used field observations and fold-thrust belt concepts to re-interpret thrust nomenclature and geometry in the recess by correlating structures and lithology with the adjacent Dharan salient across the salient-recess separating Gish Transverse fault (GTF) and renamed the locally recognized faults to their regional equivalents. We then used Real Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite Systems (RTKGNSS) corrected SRTM 30 m C-Band data to compute geomorphic indices along with their uncertainties. Our results indicated that neotectonic deformation has generated an active but mature landscape in the Gorubathan recess. Quantitative topographic profiles based on RTKGNSS measurements reveal neotectonic warping and formation of geomorphic scarps on the fan surfaces. Geomorphic scarps form due to motion along thrusts but are not actual fault scarps. These profiles were used to model topographic growth and perturbation of fan slopes by active thrusting and fault-propagation folding by Boundary Element Method based dislocation modelling. Results indicate activity through much of the Quaternary on the Ramgarh thrust, a hanging wall imbricate and a rejoining splay in its footwall as well as the Main Boundary thrust. Comparison of modelled and measured topographic profiles in the recess points to erosion of the fault-related scarp-tops in the deformed alluvial fans on the windward side of the SW monsoon in both the Gorubathan and the Samsing-Matiali fans. Our integrated methodology improves the understanding of coupled fault-generated deformation and topographic growth and may be applied across the entire Himalayan front. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
机译:大吉岭额度喜马拉雅山的Gorubathan凹陷是喜马拉雅地区的一个不寻常且独特的区域,因为拉姆加推力(RT)而非MFT定义了山峰和喜马拉雅弧的宽度或前陆之间的NS空中距离(27.0947度)北纬88.8744度)和青藏高原(北纬27.6781度,东经89.1175度)仅相当于此处的70公里。在山前线以南,盲断层使数个第四纪冲积扇变形,并在类似于N-S的35公里区域形成了陡坡。我们首先使用现场观测和褶皱冲断带概念,通过将构造和岩性与凸凹分离Gish横向断层(GTF)上相邻的Dharan凸显相关联,来重新解释凹陷中的推力术语和几何形状,并重命名了局部识别的断层与其区域等效然后,我们使用实时运动全球导航卫星系统(RTKGNSS)校正的SRTM 30 m C波段数据来计算地貌指数及其不确定性。我们的结果表明,新构造变形已在Gorubathan凹陷中产生了活跃但成熟的景观。基于RTKGNSS测量的定量地形图揭示了扇形表面上的新构造翘曲和地貌裂痕的形成。地貌陡坡由于沿推力运动而形成,但不是实际的断层陡坡。这些轮廓用于通过基于位错模型的边界元方法的主动推力和断层传播折叠来模拟扇形斜坡的地形生长和扰动。结果表明,Ramgarh逆冲中的第四纪大部分活动,悬壁成辫状并在其下盘壁和主边界逆冲中重新伸展。凹陷中建模和测量的地形轮廓的比较表明,Gorubathan风扇和Samsing-Matiali风扇中西南季风迎风面的变形冲积扇中断层相关的陡峭顶部受到侵蚀。我们的综合方法论可加深对断层产生的形变与地形生长耦合的理解,并可应用于整个喜马拉雅山锋。 (C)2017爱思唯尔有限公司和INQUA。版权所有。

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