Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish

摘要

The combustion of fossil fuels has enriched levels of CO_2 in the world's oceans and decreased ocean pH. Although the continuation of these processes may alter the growth, survival, and diversity of marine organisms that synthesize CaCO_3 shells, the effects of ocean acidification since the dawn of the industrial revolution are not clear. Here we present experiments that examined the effects of the ocean's past present and future (21st and 22nd centuries) CO_2 concentrations on the growth, survival, and condition of larvae of two species of commercially and ecologically valuable bivalve shellfish (Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians). Larvae grown under near preindustrial CO_2 concentrations (250 ppm) displayed significantly faster growth and metamorphosis as well as higher survival and lipid accumulation rates compared with individuals reared under modern day CO_2 levels. Bivalves grown under near preindustrial CO_2 levels displayed thicker, more robust shells than individuals grown at present CO_2 concentrations, whereas bivalves exposed to CO_2 levels expected later this century had shells that were malformed and eroded. These results suggest that the ocean acidification that has occurred during the past two centuries may be inhibiting the development and survival of larval shellfish and contributing to global declines of some bivalve populations.