Spoofing and jamming of signals from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) services can impact dynamic positioning (DP) systems and the general navigation of vessels. It can also affect the positioning of autonomous vessels, such as remote survey units. There have been incidents of GNSS tampering in the Middle East, Black Sea and East Asia, resulting in navigation issues; problems can also occur if automatic identification system (AIS) signals are interfered with, from the satellite or the vessel. It is the responsibility of both satellite owners and vessel operators to help prevent such services being interrupted. The European Space Agency (ESA) has contracted Switzerland-headquartered cyber security company CYSEC SA to investigate ways to protect its satellite services for ship positioning and tracking. CYSEC will use its secured servers and satellite communications experience to investigate protection measures for the ESA's satellite AIS. From the vessel side, owners need to be able to detect, respond and recover from any cyber attack, whether the onboard IT systems or GNSS positioning.
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