Stress corrosion cracking of low-alloy, reactor-pressure-vessel steels in oxygenated, high-temperature water

摘要

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of low-alloy, reactor-pressure-vessel (RPV) steels in oxygenated. high-temperature water and its relevance to boiling water reactor (BWR) power operation, in particular its possible effect on both RPV structural integrity and safety, has been a subject of controversial discussions for many years. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on crack growth through SCC in three, nuclear-grade, steels (SA 533 B C1.1, SA 508 C1.2, 20 MnMoNi 5 5) under simulated, BWR water-chemistry conditions. Modern, high-tem- perature water loops, on-line crack-growth monitoring and fractographic analysis in the scanning electron microscope were used to quantify the cracking response of pre-cracked, fracture-mechanics specimens under a variety of mechanical and environmental conditions. Corrosion-assisted crack advance could be only initiated by active loading within the environment. If SCC crack advance at constant load was observed, initiation of crack growth had always occurred while increasing the load to the intended value for subsequent, static-load testing. During the constant load period the rate of SCC crack advance rapidly decayed and crack arrest occurred within a period of < 100 h (for tests with K_1 < 60 MPa m~1/2). Supplementary experiments with slowly increasing loading revealed that the initiation of crack growth, and the extent of further crack advance, are crucially dependent upon maintaining both a positive crack-tip strain rate and a high sulphur-anion activity in the crack-tip environment. It is concluded that there is no sustainable susceptibility to SCC crack growth under purely static loading, as long as small-scale-yielding conditions prevail at the crack-tip and the water chemistry is maintained within current BWR/NWC operational practice (EPRI water chemistry guidelines). However, sustained, fast SCC (with respect to operational time scales) cannot be excluded for faulted water-chemistry conditions (> EPRI action level 3) and,/or for highly stressed specimens either loaded near to K_IJ or with a high degree of plasticity in the remaining ligament.