The integration of nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards at any level will not be easy. It will be challenging because of - in the case of the nuclear security community - the need to overcome historical cultures surrounding secrecy and need to know; and - in the case of the nuclear safety community - the need to embrace some limitations on openness and transparency. It will also require governments to look at their legal infrastructure and the roles of the regulators. For the licensees it will mean exposing a greater proportion of the workforce to some knowledge of the security threats, the appropriate countermeasures and the role they play both collectively and individually in the delivery of both safe and secure performance. Also, a recognition of the role and importance of safeguards to the overall goal of the safe and secure delivery of nuclear power will be needed at all levels. To achieve an integrated approach will also require ownership, at corporate level, of the need to deliver nuclear safety and security leadership.
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