INFLUENCE OF MOUNTAIN RANGES ON THE MID-LATITUDE ATMOSPHERIC RESPONSE TO EL NINO EVENTS

摘要

TROPICAL heating associated with El Nino events influences weather patterns around the globe(1-4), in part by generating wavelike disturbances of vorticity (a measure of local fluid circulation about the vertical) in the upper troposphere which extend into the mid-latitude regions. But these waves do not account well for the observed mid-latitude consequences of El Nino(5-8) events. Here we show that a secondary interaction of these waves with mid-latitude mountains contributes significantly to the observed flow patterns. On encountering a mountain, a column of rotating air is compressed vertically, spreads horizontally, and its net vorticity is thereby reduced, For a realistic distribution of El Nino-related tropical heating, we find that vortex compression, primarily in the Himalayan-Tibetan region, generates a vorticity contribution at mid-latitudes with an amplitude up to one-half that of the directly propagating wave-train. Mountains therefore play a significant role in determining the structure of the extratropical response to El Nino.