Chirality-specific growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes on solid alloy catalysts

摘要

单壁碳纳米管（SWNTs)有很多出色的材料性质，这些性质敏感地取决于它们的精确结构。这种"结构—功能"关系只有当能获得从结构上来说的纯SWNTs时才能被完全利用，但要生成只有一个"管型"的SWNTs仍是一个相当大的挑战。在这篇论文中，Feng Yang等人描述了以固体钨一钴合金纳米颗粒为催化剂来实现单一SWNT类型的手性特异性生长的一个方法。催化剂中的钨成分可以保证催化剂结构的高温稳定性，而钴则是一种有效的催化剂。对该方法进行优化，应能进一步提高选择性，来生成纯结构SWNT样品，它们也许能让我们针对实际应用来更广泛地使用和开发这些独特的材料。%Carbon nanotubes have many material properties that make them attractive for applications. In the context of nanoelectronics, interest has focused on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) because slight changes in tube diameter and wrapping angle, defined by the chirality indices (n, m), will shift their electrical conductivity from one characteristic of a metallic state to one characteristic of a semiconducting state, and will also change the bandgap. However, this structure-function relationship can be fully exploited only with structurally pure SWNTs. Solution-based separation methods yield tubes within a narrow structure range, but the ultimate goal of producing just one type of SWNT by controlling its structure during growth has proved to be a considerable challenge over the last two decades. Such efforts aim to optimize the composition or shape of the catalyst particles that are used in the chemical vapour deposition synthesis process to decompose the carbon feedstock and influence SWNT nucleation and growth. This approach resulted in the highest reported proportion, 55 per cent, of single-chirality SWNTs in an as-grown sample. Here we show that SWNTs of a single chirality, (12,6), can be produced directly with an abundance higher than 92 per cent when using tungsten-based bimetallic alloy nanocrystals as catalysts. These, unlike other catalysts used so far, have such high melting points that they maintain their crystalline structure during the chemical vapour deposition process. This feature seems crucial because experiment and simulation both suggest that the highly selective growth of (12,6) SWNTs is the result of a good structural match between the carbon atom arrangement around the nanotube circumference and the arrangement of the catalytically active atoms in one of the planes of the nanocrystal catalyst. We anticipate that using high-melting-point alloy nanocrystals with optimized structures as catalysts paves the way for total chirality control in SWNT growth and will thus promote the development of SWNT applications.