Elias G. Carayannis and David F. J. Campbell, Mode 3 Knowledge Production in Quadruple Helix Innovation Systems: Ust-Century Democracy, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship for Development

摘要

Citizen science is hot. Last year, several papers in top-tier academic journals acknowledged the contribution of non-professionals to scientific knowledge production (e.g. Wicks et al. 2011), a book was published about crowdsourcing scientific discoveries (Nielsen 2011), and public media featured computer game players solving a problem that scientists had been pondering for a long time (Khatib et al. 2011). Although science has always been largely a collective endeavour, digital media and open-source databases have broadened the scope and number of people who now contribute to science, and accelerated the pace at which they can do this. At the same time, the threshold for 'doing science' is now lower than ever: anyone with Internet access, on a computer or on a smart phone, can contribute. Producers, translators, and users of scientific knowledge now sit on both sides of the boundary between science and society, whose erosion had started a long time ago (Nowotny et al. 2001).