Occurrence of antifouling paint booster biocides in selected harbors and marinas inside the Gulf of Napoli: A preliminary survey

摘要

Settlement and growth of marine organisms on submerged structures of boats and ships increases fuel consumption and has consequent environmental impacts via combustion byproducts. In past years, "fouling" has been fought by utilizing different strategies: from copper and lead coatings to paints containing copper, lead, mercury and arsenic compounds. Since the 1960s, the widespread use of organotin biocides, such as tributyltin (TBT), has proved to be an effective deterrent.