Species composition and acoustic signatures of mesopelagic organisms in a subtropical convergence zone, the New Zealand Chatham Rise

摘要

The Chatham Rise is a submarine ridge east of New Zealand. The subtropical convergence occurs over this ridge and it is an area of high productivity, associated with important deep-water fisheries. Acoustic recordings suggest that there is a relatively high biomass of mesopelagic fish over the Chatham Rise, but little is known about the species composition, distribution, and spatio-temporal dynamics of the organisms responsible for the acoustic scattering layers. Two research trawl and acoustic surveys were carried out in May and June 2008 and November 2011 to assess the distribution and acoustic signatures of mesopelagic animals on the Chatham Rise. A total of 171 species or species groups were caught in 86 midwater trawls to a maximum depth of 1000 m. Seven species assemblages were described corresponding to different acoustic mark types. These 7 assemblages were dominated by euphausiids, Maurolicus australis (Stomiiformes), Lampanyc-todes hectoris, Symbolophorus boops, Electrona carlsbergi, Diaphus danae and Gymnoscopelus piabilis (all Myctophiformes). Euphausiids could be separated from mesopelagic fish species based on their multi-frequency acoustic response, but the 6 fish groups could not be separated based on their frequency response alone. These different fish assemblages were distinguished based on their unique acoustic mark characteristics (amplitude and dimension features of the volume backscat-ter), vertical distribution and ancillary information. Classification results were synthesised in a decision model. M. australis and L. hectoris were associated with shallower water on the central and western Chatham Rise, D. danae occurred mainly in deeper water on the north side of the Rise, and E. carlsbergi was associated with cooler water on the south Rise.