EXPOSURE TIMES TO THE SPRING ATRAZINE FLUSH ALONG A STREAM-RESERVOIR SYSTEM

摘要

We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to examine reservoir-mediated shifts in spring to fall exposure of aquatic organisms to the spring atrazine pulse over four years in a Midwestern stream-reservoir system. Peak atrazine concentrations in the major inflowing stream exceeded 10 μg/1 in all four years. The reservoir had a beneficial effect in two of four years by diluting atrazine below the 10 μg/1 threshold. However, during the other two years, exposure times above 10 μg/1 were approximately doubled in the reservoir compared to the major inflowing stream. Thresholds of 3 and 5 μ/1 were exceeded during all four years in the reservoir. The uplake and downlake reservoir sites were four to five times more likely to exceed these thresholds and aquatic organisms were subjected to longer exposure times above these thresholds compared to the inflowing stream. Release of elevated atrazine concentrations from the reservoir extended exposure times in the outflowing stream. This effect was most pronounced just below the dam. Aquatic organisms upstream of the reservoir were most likely to experience acute exposures whereas organisms within and immediately downstream of the reservoir were more likely to experience chronic exposures. The ubiquity of reservoirs and the annual spring herbicide flush highlight the importance of considering the presence and relative location of reservoirs when assessing risk to aquatic communities as well as locations of drinking water intakes.