Near-surface clay authigenesis in exhumed fault rock of the Alpine Fault Zone (New Zealand); O-H-Ar isotopic, XRD and chemical analysis of illite and chlorite

摘要

Exhumed fault rock of the central Alpine Fault Zone (South Island, New Zealand) shows extensive clay mineralization, and it has been the focus of recent research that aims to describe the evolution and frictional behavior of the fault. Using Quantitative X-ray powder diffraction, Ar-40/39(Ar) geochronology, hydrogen isotope (SD) geochemistry, and electron microbeam analysis, we constrain the thermal and fluid conditions of deformation that produced two predominant clay phases ubiquitous to the exposed fault damage zone, illite and chlorite. Mite polytype analysis indicates that most end-member illite and chlorite material formed in equilibrium with meteoric fluid (delta D = - 55 to - 75 parts per thousand), but two locations preserve a metamorphic origin of chlorite (delta D = - 36 to -45 parts per thousand). Chlorite chemical geothermometry constrains crystal growth to T = 210-296 degrees C. Isotopic analysis also constrains illite growth to T 100 degrees C, consistent with the mineralogy, with Ar ages 0.5 Ma. High geothermal gradients in the study area promoted widespread, near-surface mineralization, and limited the window of clay authigenesis in the Alpine Fault Zone to 5 km for chlorite and 2 km for illite. This implies a significant contrast between fault rock exposed at the surface and that at depth, and informs discussions about fault strength, clays and frictional behavior.