Pronounced risk of nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head among cigarette smokers who have never used oral corticosteroids: a multicenter case–control study in Japan

摘要

Cigarette smoking has been linked to an increased risk of nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in previous studies. However, the effect of smoking amount, duration and cessation, and interaction with corticosteroids remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to precisely evaluate the effects of smoking and the interaction with corticosteroid use.