Assessing ecological success and social acceptance of protected areas in semiarid ecosystems: A socio-ecological case study of Khabr National Park, Iran

摘要

Protected areas are one of the main tools for the restoration of degraded ecosystems and the conservation of biodiversity. The lessons learned from the failure or success of conservation plans can be used to improve ecosystem conservation projects. This study examines the ecological success and social acceptance of Khabr National Park, Iran. Ecologically, the vertical and horizontal structures and different functions of plant communities were investigated using different criteria. Socially, acceptance of the protected area was assessed through interviews and questionnaires. The results showed that the protected area was successful in restoration of ecosystem structure, especially at 0-1 m height class. Different vegetation types showed a significant improvement in total ecosystem function inside the protected area compared to the outside (1.6-4.6 times). Social survey showed that locals especially nomadic pastorals (86 %) had a less upbeat view of the protected area establishment. There was a significant negative correlation between the income dependency upon rangelands and positive views of ecosystem protection. A majority of farmers (55 %), who were financially less dependent on ecosystems, had positive views of the protected area. Local people called for amending the laws related to the protected areas, especially the ones prohibiting livestock grazing (over 70 %). The protected area was ecologically successful, but it has failed socially and has not accepted by locals. Therefore, locals should be involved in the strategic planning phase and legislative framework concerning management and use of protected areas should be adjusted based on their socio-economic status.