Ergotyping im rechnerunterstützten Entwicklungs- und Gestaltungsprozess

摘要

The computeraided development and design process of technical products and systems is carried out using digital prototypes. For ergonomics-related problems, ergonomics tools in the form of digital man models are applied. The methods and tools that are oriented to particular ergonomic aspects can be subsumed under the new term ,,ergotyping," a neologism that comes from "ergonomics" and "prototyping." Ergotyping is applied when ergonomic aspects are analyzed with the above-mentioned tools and methods: when planning man-machine systems. The goal of ergotyping is the quickest possible, optimal synthesis of functionality and interaction with people according to the requirements of ergonomics. This article conveys a general overview of the integration of ergotyping. Prospective goals for the further development of digital ergonomics tools is discussed and explained, though limited to the mechanical sector and using the example of product ergonomics. When one considers the main phases in the product-development process, the DIN EN 614-1:2006 mentions general ergonomic tasks for the definition, conception, realization, and application phases. These tasks provide a framework for the integration of ergonomic principles. Phases particularly of interest are those in which digital prototyping, and with it, ergotyping, can be applied. From ergonomic tasks, necessary tools for ergotyping components and the structure of the design process are derived. Should the preparation of ergonomic analysis criteria in ergotyping orient itself more toward the rules and regulations during the individual phases of the development process, the product manufacturer can be supported in his compliance with legal requirements. In the field of machines, the individual interpretation of ergo-nomically relevant standards to create ergonomic components, and the implementation of ergonomic aspects can be carried out in a step-model. In Step 1, economically relevant contents of harmonized type A and B standards can be prepared as ergotyping components that represent minimum requirements that must be met. For this, one can draw on Section 1 of the Table of Standards in the German Machine Ordinance. The standards that are to be considered product-comprehensive, that is, those that do not limit themselves to one individual machine, can be considered the foundation of every development. In Step 1, contents of type C standards are not taken into account, since these detailed requirements pertain to specific types of machines and are limited to a particular application. In addition to the standards and their contents included in Step 1, ergonomic requirements from further governmental rules and regulations, the regulations of the accident insurers, and the state of the art can be implemented in Step 2. Throughrnthis, the so-developed ergotyping components undergo extension beyond the minimum requirements. In order to support the design engineer with the systematic and comprehensive implementation of ergonomic requirements in relation to the man-machine interface, a systematic provision of interpreted contents in ergotyping components within the above-mentioned steps is sensible. For this reason, ergonomic contents of standards allow themselves to be grouped according to user-oriented and product-oriented features with the corresponding subaspects. User-oriented features are, for example, physical requirements such as body measurements, posture, body strength, and movement, among others. Among the product-oriented features are, for example, what is required of machine elements for the reception of information, such as displays and signals, requirements of information input and actuating elements like operating components, etc. Ergonomic requirements come in the form of guidelines, procedures, and statements of characteristics, the last of which provide, on the one hand, indications both for product-oriented conceptual parameters for the object to be designed and for preset evaluation criteria. On the other hand, there are user-oriented parameter features that the man model must represent. Ergonomic guidelines define design goals that should be reached through the corresponding simulation algorithms in the man model and the connected analytic tools. Procedures establish the methods of use for ergonomic tools. Should we succeed in adding ergonomics tool that comprehensibly implement state-of-the-art ergonomic standards to the present functional range of digital man models, such component would provide a further incentive to practitioners to use them in planning and development tasks. There is greater benefit to the user because parameters, data, and their reference to the source of the standards are traced. Particular potential may arise in the future from the systematic integration of harmonized standards, since they are relevant for product manufacturers in generating their product conformity certificates. Emerging solutions can be categorized as ergotyping.%Der rechnerunterstützte Entwicklungs- und Gestaltungsprozess technischer Produkte und Systeme wird unter Nutzung digitaler Prototypen durchgeführt. Für ergonomiebezogene Aufgabenstellungen gelangen dabei Ergonomiewerkzeuge in Form digitaler Menschmodelle zur Anwendung.rnDie auf spezielle ergonomische Aspekte ausgerichteten Methoden und Werkzeuge können unter dem neuen Begriff Ergotyping, einem Kunstwort aus Ergonomie und Prototyping gefasst werden. Dieser Beitrag vermittelt einen generellen Überblick zur Einordnung des Ergotypings. Am Beispiel der Produktergonomie und einschränkend für den Bereich Maschinen werden künftige Zielstellungen zur Weiterentwicklung digitaler Ergonomiewerkzeuge diskutiert und begründet.