Environmental remediation: From Arlington to Astana

摘要

1. Background There are still many challenges in remediation of lands contaminated with radionuclides. In the past, many nuclear and non-nuclear industries were often developed without proper consideration of the related environmental consequences (Aarkrog, 2001). Some vast areas were also contaminated by nuclear and radiological accidents (such as Kyshtym, Chernobyl in former Soviet Union, Fukushima or Goiania accidents), nuclear testing or losses of nuclear weapons and inadequate waste disposal practices related to nuclear weapon production in the 50th-60th (Eisenbud and Gessel, 1997; Aarkrog, 2001; Carlsen et al., 2001; IAEA, 1998a; UNSCEAR, 2000; IAEA, 2002; Danesi, 2009).