Sustainable dyeing of denim using indigo dye recovered with polyvinylidene difluoride ultrafiltration membranes

摘要

Indigo is one of the most consumed dyes in the textile sector, as it is widely used for the dyeing of denim clothes. About 15% of indigo used in the dyeing process is discharged to the wastewater treatment plants or sometimes into rivers, in countries where regulations are not strictly applied.