The theoretical approach proposed here was aimed at accurately describing the electromagnetic response of self-biased Y-junction circulators made of polycrystalline hexaferrites. The accuracy of circulator response was enhanced by considering the real magnetization state of the material through a calculation of the permeability tensor; this tensor remains valid whatever the strength of the local effective dc field in the ferrite is. Moreover, the hysteresis phenomenon was introduced in the calculation of tensor through the use of the Stoner and Wolhfart [IEEE Trans. Magn. 27, 3475 (1948)] law; as a consequence, the tensor took into account the privileged direction of easy-axis distribution due to the manufacturing process, which allowed us to treat the polycrystalline hexaferrites as being magnetically self-biased. However, the results issued from our approach indicate that this higher accuracy is at the expense of Y-junction circulator performances, which are far from those reported in the literature or obtained with electromagnetic commercial simulators and based on the frequent assumption of saturated hexaferrite, even at the remanent state.
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