Among the most critical events in the field of satellite reconnaissance are the instances of radical technological innovation that not only kept the United States's capability for conducting overhead reconnaissance alive after Francis Gary Powers was shot down in 1960-which led to a cessation of U-2 overflights of the Soviet Union-but also quite literally allowed intelligence gathering to reach new heights.1 In the military context, radical technological innovation is defined as the development and introduction into service of an individual weapon or sensor system that greatly enhances a military organization's capacity for conducting operations in one or more areas of warfare or allows it to exploit a new dimension of the battlefield.2 Good theory should be able to inform policymaking, and in terms of substantive policy significance, finding a question more rewarding than that of how the unprecedented expansion of U.S. intelligence gathering capabilities during the Cold War came about would be difficult indeed.
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机译：在卫星侦察领域中最关键的事件之一是激进的技术创新实例，这些技术创新不仅使美国在1960年弗朗西斯·加里·鲍尔斯（Francis Gary Powers）被击落之后进行空中侦察的能力得以维持-导致停止了U-2苏联的飞越-但从字面上讲也使情报收集达到了新的高度。1在军事领域，激进的技术创新被定义为单独武器或传感器系统的开发和投入使用，大大增强了军事组织的能力（2）好的理论应该能够为政策制定提供参考，并在实质性政策意义方面，找到一个比如何解决这一问题更有意义的问题。冷战期间美国情报搜集能力空前扩大确实很难。
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