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  • 期刊名称：

    Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on

  • 中文名称： 智能交通系统，IEEE事务
  • 刊频：
  • ISSN： 1524-9050
  • 出版社： -
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  • 1.

    【24hr】Agent-Based Simulation and Optimization of Urban Transit System

    包量

    机译 基于Agent的城市公交系统仿真与优化
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2014年第2期
    摘要：To better solve the passenger assignment problem, which is a subproblem of the transit network optimization problem, we build an artificial urban transit system (AUTS) and adopt a day-to-day learning mechanism to describe passengers' route and departure-time-choice behaviors. With the support of AUTS to handle the lower level assignment problem, we are able to solve the upper level transit network design problem. Compared with other bilevel models, our approach better accommodates passengers' dynamic learning behavior and their heterogeneity. Based on AUTS, we solve the frequency optimization problem and compare the results with an analytical method. We also perform some numerical experiments on AUTS and discover some interesting issues on the capacity of public transportation system and passengers' heterogeneity.
  • 2.

    【24hr】Reversing the General One-Trailer System: Asymptotic Curvature Stabilization and Path Tracking

    包量

    机译 逆转通用的一拖系统：渐近曲率稳定和路径跟踪
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2014年第2期
    摘要：Backing up a trailer can be a challenge, particularly for inexperienced recreational drivers. We therefore develop two feedback controllers, which support the driver with automatic steering inputs in various situations. Based on the kinematics of the general one-trailer system, we first derive an input/output-linearizing control law that asymptotically stabilizes a given curvature for the trailer. This enables the driver to directly steer the trailer, e.g., by means of a turning knob, such that the trailer will automatically be prevented from jackknifing. The control task is then modified and solved so that the vehicle can also take over the complete stabilization task along given paths. In combination with a path-planning algorithm, this enables automated parallel parking for example. The complete system is implemented on a rapid-prototyping environment and evaluated in real-world scenarios.
  • 3.

    【24hr】A Metamodel for Estimating Error Bounds in Real-Time Traffic Prediction Systems

    包量

    机译 用于估计实时交通预测系统中错误界限的元模型
    摘要：This paper presents a methodology for estimating the upper and lower bounds of a real-time traffic prediction system, i.e., its prediction interval. Without a very complex implementation work, our model is able to complement any preexisting prediction system with extra uncertainty information such as the 5% and 95% quantiles. We treat the traffic prediction system as a black box that provides a feed of predictions. Having this feed together with observed values, we then train conditional quantile regression methods that estimate the upper and lower quantiles of the error. The goal of conditional quantile regression is to determine a function, i.e., $d^{tau}({bf x})$, that returns the specific quantile $tau$ of a target variable $d$, given an input vector ${bf x}$. Following Koenker, we implement two functional forms of $d^{tau}({bf x})$: locally weighted linear, which relies on value on the neighborhood of ${bf x}$, and splines, a piecewise defined smooth polynomial function. We demonstrate this methodology with three different traffic prediction models applied to two freeway data sets from Irvine, CA, and Tel Aviv, Israel. We contrast the results with a traditional confidence intervals approach that assumes that the error is normally distributed with constant (homoscedastic) variance. We apply several evaluation measures based on earlier literature and contribute two new measures that focus on relative interval length and balance between accuracy and interval length. For the available data set, we verified that conditional quantile regression ou- performs the homoscedastic baseline in the vast majority of the indicators.
  • 4.

    【24hr】Design and Performance Enhancements in Communication-Based Train Control Systems With Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception

    包量

    机译 具有多点协作的基于通信的列车控制系统的设计和性能增强
    摘要：A communication-based train control (CBTC) system is an automated train control system that uses bidirectional train–ground communications to ensure the safe operation of rail vehicles. CBTC systems have stringent requirements for communication availability and latency. Due to unreliable wireless communications and frequent handoffs, existing CBTC systems can severely affect train control performance, train operation efficiency, and the utility of railways. In this paper, we use recent advances in coordinated multipoint transmission and reception (CoMP) to enhance the train control performance of CBTC systems. With CoMP, a train can communicate with a cluster of base stations (BSs) simultaneously, which is different from the current CBTC systems, where a train can only communicate with a single BS at any given time. In addition, unlike the existing works on CoMP, in this paper, the linear quadratic cost for the train control performance in CBTC systems is considered the performance measure. We jointly consider the BS cluster selection and handoff decision issues in CBTC systems. Moreover, in order to mitigate the impacts of communication latency on train control performance, we propose an optimal guidance trajectory calculation scheme in the train control procedure that takes full consideration of the tracking error caused by handoff latency. Simulation results show that train control performance can be substantially improved in our proposed CBTC system with CoMP.
  • 5.

    【24hr】COTraMS: A Collaborative and Opportunistic Traffic Monitoring System

    包量

    机译 COTraMS：协作和机会交通监控系统
    摘要：Traffic monitoring and control are becoming more and more important as the number of vehicles and traffic jams grow. Nevertheless, these tasks are still predominantly performed by visual means using strategically placed video cameras. For more effectiveness, proposals to improve traffic monitoring and control should consider automated systems. In this paper, we propose the Collaborative and Opportunistic Traffic Monitoring System (COTraMS), which is a system that monitors traffic using available IEEE 802.11 networks. COTraMS is collaborative because user participation is essential in defining the vehicle movement and opportunistic because it uses existing information. To evaluate the performance of COTraMS, a prototype is implemented using an IEEE 802.11 b/g network. Measurements from a real public wireless network in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, demonstrate the possibility of obtaining traffic conditions with our proposed monitoring system. In addition, we analyze COTraMS via simulation to evaluate its performance in scenarios with a larger number of vehicles. The comparison of the obtained results with data obtained from Global Positioning System shows high accuracy in detecting both the position of the vehicle and the estimation of the road condition, using a simple architecture and a small amount of network bandwidth.
  • 6.

    【24hr】Finite-State Markov Modeling for Wireless Channels in Tunnel Communication-Based Train Control Systems

    包量

    机译 基于隧道通信的列车控制系统中无线通道的有限状态马尔可夫建模
    摘要：Communication-based train control (CBTC) is being rapidly adopted in urban rail transit systems, as it can significantly enhance railway network efficiency, safety, and capacity. Since CBTC systems are mostly deployed in underground tunnels and trains move at high speeds, building a train–ground wireless communication system for CBTC is a challenging task. Modeling the tunnel channels is very important in designing the wireless networks and evaluating the performance of CBTC systems. Most existing works on channel modeling do not consider the unique characteristics of CBTC systems, such as high mobility speed, deterministic moving direction, and accurate train-location information. In this paper, we develop a finite-state Markov channel (FSMC) model for tunnel channels in CBTC systems. The proposed FSMC model is based on real field CBTC channel measurements obtained from a business-operating subway line. Unlike most existing channel models, which are not related to specific locations, the proposed FSMC channel model takes train locations into account to have a more accurate channel model. The distance between the transmitter and the receiver is divided into intervals and an FSMC model is applied in each interval. The accuracy of the proposed FSMC model is illustrated by the simulation results generated from the model and the real field measurement results.
  • 7.

    【24hr】An Axiomatic Design Approach to Passenger Itinerary Enumeration in Reconfigurable Transportation Systems

    包量

    机译 可重构运输系统中旅客行程枚举的公理设计方法
    摘要：Transportation systems represent a critical infrastructure upon which nations' economies and national security depend. As infrastructure systems, they must be planned and operated to accommodate the uncertain and continually evolving needs of their passengers and freight. New roads are planned or existing roads are closed for maintenance or due to operational breakdowns. Reconfigurable transportation systems are those which adapt to these changes quickly and efficiently. They are not overdesigned with capabilities that may be left unused; instead, capabilities are added only when needed, thus supporting the need for resilient infrastructure. An axiomatic-design-for-large-flexible-systems approach is chosen as a methodology for its deep roots in engineering design. It addresses systems where the functionality not only evolves over time, but also can be fulfilled by one or more system resources, and is used here to enumerate passenger itineraries. This paper builds upon a recent work in which axiomatic design was used to develop a theory of degrees of freedom in transportation systems for their reconfigurable design and operation. The methodological developments are then demonstrated on a small subsection of the Mexico City transportation system to demonstrate its wide-ranging utility in reconfigurability decision-making at the planning and operation timescales. In addition, further comparisons of axiomatic design to traditional graph theory are made, indicating the mathematical basis of the former in the latter.
  • 8.

    【24hr】Performance Improved Methods for Communication-Based Train Control Systems With Random Packet Drops

    包量

    机译 带有随机数据包丢弃的基于通信的列车控制系统的性能改进方法
    • 作者：Bu B.;Yu F.R.;Tang T.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2014年第3期
    摘要：Communication-based train control (CBTC) systems use wireless local area networks (WLANs) to transmit train status and control commands. Since WLANs are not originally designed for applications with high mobility, random transmission delays and packet drops are inevitable, which could result in unnecessary traction, brakes or even emergency brakes of trains, loss of line capacity, and passenger satisfaction. In this paper, we study the packet drops introduced by random transmission errors and handovers in CBTC systems, analyze the impact of random packet drops on the stability and performances of CBTC systems, and propose two novel schemes to improve the performances of CBTC systems. Unlike the existing works that only consider a single train and study the communication issues and train control issues separately, we model the system to control a group of trains as a networked control system (NCS) with packet drops in transmissions. Extensive field test and simulation results are presented. We show that our proposed schemes can provide less energy consumption, better riding comfortability, and higher line capacity compared with the existing scheme.
  • 9.

    【24hr】Dynamic Vehicle Redistribution and Online Price Incentives in Shared Mobility Systems

    包量

    机译 共享出行系统中的动态车辆再分配和在线价格激励
    摘要：This paper considers the efficient operation of shared mobility systems via the combination of intelligent routing decisions for staff-based vehicle redistribution and real-time price incentives for customers. The approach is applied to London's Barclays Cycle Hire scheme, which the authors have simulated based on historical data. Using model-based predictive control principles, dynamically varying rewards are computed and offered to customers carrying out journeys, based on the current and predicted state of the system. The aim is to encourage them to park bicycles at nearby underused stations, thereby reducing the expected cost of redistributing them using dedicated staff. In parallel, routing directions for redistribution staff are periodically recomputed using a model-based heuristic. It is shown that it is possible to trade off reward payouts to customers against the cost of hiring staff to redistribute bicycles, in order to minimize operating costs for a given desired service level.
  • 10.

    【24hr】Comparing Optimal Relocation Operations With Simulated Relocation Policies in One-Way Carsharing Systems

    包量

    机译 在单向共享系统中将最佳搬迁操作与模拟搬迁策略进行比较
    摘要：One-way carsharing systems allow travelers to pick up a car at one station and return it to a different station, thereby causing vehicle imbalances across the stations. In this paper, a way to mitigate that imbalance is discussed, which is relocating vehicles between stations. For this purpose, two methods are presented, i.e., a new mathematical model to optimize the relocation operations that maximize the profitability of a carsharing service and a simulation model to study different real-time relocation policies. Both methods were applied to networks of stations in Lisbon, Portugal. Results show that relocating vehicles, using any of the methods developed, can produce significant increases in profit. For instance, in the case where the carsharing system provides maximum coverage of the city area, the imbalances in the network resulted in an operating loss of ${ssr C} {hskip-7pt} raise2.4pt hbox{$buildrel{vrule depth0.5pt width5.5pt}over{vrule depth0.5pt width5pt}$}{hskip2pt}$1160/day when no relocation operations were performed. When relocation policies were applied, however, the simulation results indicate that profits of ${ssr C} {hskip-7pt} raise2.4pt hbox{$buildrel{vrule depth0.5pt width5.5pt}over{vrule depth0.5pt width5pt}$}{hskip2pt}$854/day could be achieved, even with increased costs due to relocations. Using the mathematical model, the results are even better, with a reached profit of ${ssr C} {hskip-7pt} raise2.4pt hbox{$buildrel{vrule depth0.5pt width5.5pt}over{vrule depth0.5pt width5pt}$}{hskip2pt}$3865.7/day. This improvement was achieved through reductions in the number of vehicles needed to satisfy the demand and the number of parking spaces needed at stations. These results demonstrate the importance of relocation - perations for profitably providing a network of stations in one-way carsharing systems that covers the entire city, thus reaching a higher number of users.
  • 11.

    【24hr】Vehicle Active Steering Control System Based on Human Mechanical Impedance Properties of the Arms

    包量

    机译 基于手臂机械阻抗特性的车辆主动转向控制系统
    摘要：This paper presents the experimental data of human mechanical impedance properties (HMIPs) of the arms measured in steering operations according to the angle of a steering wheel (limbs posture) and the steering torque (muscle cocontraction). The HMIP data show that human stiffness/viscosity has the minimum/maximum value at the neutral angle of the steering wheel in relax (standard condition) and increases/decreases for the amplitude of the steering angle and the torque, and that the stability of the arms' motion in handling the steering wheel becomes high around the standard condition. Next, a novel methodology for designing an adaptive steering control system based on the HMIPs of the arms is proposed, and the effectiveness was then demonstrated via a set of double-lane-change tests, with several subjects using the originally developed stationary driving simulator and the 4-DOF driving simulator with a movable cockpit.
  • 12.

    【24hr】Smart Public Transit System Using an Energy Storage System and Its Coordination With a Distribution Grid

    包量

    机译 使用储能系统的智能公交系统及其与配电网的协调
    摘要：In this paper, a transportation network based on a supercapacitor-powered electric city bus (Capabus) has been shown to work in harmony with the electric grid. The load profile of the transportation network and the grid are interfaced using a battery-based energy storage system (ESS), which is used at each bus stop to continuously charge the supercapacitors for bus operation and provide grid support. The power flow from the ESS to the grid and vice versa is regulated using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The FLC takes as input the energy of ESS, node voltage [in per unit (p.u.)], and the frequency of the buses plying on a practical ring-road circuit of a typical city. The ESSs stabilize the grid at the corresponding node through peak shaving and valley filling during peak and off-peak hours, respectively. The objective of this paper is to achieve the required frequency of buses and maintain the grid voltage close to 1 p.u. Increasing penetration of the electric-bus-based transit system will substantially improve grid operation efficiency and reduce oil consumption by the transport sector.
  • 13.

    【24hr】An Iranian License Plate Recognition System Based on Color Features

    包量

    机译 基于颜色特征的伊朗车牌识别系统
    摘要：In this paper, an Iranian vehicle license plate recognition system based on a new localization approach, which is modified to reflect the local context, is proposed, along with a hybrid classifier that recognizes license plate characters. The method presented here is based on a modified template-matching technique by the analysis of target color pixels to detect the location of a vehicle’s license plate. A modified strip search enables localization of the standard color-geometric template utilized in Iran and several European countries. This approach uses periodic strip search to find the hue of each pixel on demand. In addition, when a group of target pixels is detected, it is analyzed to verify that its shape and aspect ratio match those of the standard license plate. In addition to being scale and rotation invariant, this method avoids time-consuming image algorithms and transformations for the whole image pixels, such as resizing and Hough, Fourier, and wavelet transforms, thereby cutting down the detection response time. License plate characters are recognized by a hybrid classifier that comprises a decision tree and a support vector machine with a homogeneous fifth-degree polynomial kernel. The performance detection rate and the overall system performance achieved are 96% and 94%, respectively.
  • 14.

    【24hr】Parallel Public Transportation System and Its Application in Evaluating Evacuation Plans for Large-Scale Activities

    包量

    机译 并行公共交通系统及其在大型活动疏散计划评估中的应用
    摘要：This paper proposes a method based on the Artificial societies, Computational experiments, and Parallel execution (ACP) approach to build parallel public transportation systems (PPTSs). The framework and components of a PPTS are analyzed, and some details for building the PPTS are discussed. One prototype based on intelligent traffic clouds is established. One specific PPTS is developed for the Guangzhou 2010 Asian Games in the case study, and its effectiveness is verified through the evaluation of two evacuation plans for the Asian Games.
  • 15.

    【24hr】Detection of Intoxicated Drivers Using Online System Identification of Steering Behavior

    包量

    机译 使用转向系统在线识别识别醉酒驾驶员
    • 作者：Shirazi M.M.;Rad A.B.;
    • 刊名：Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on
    • 2014年第4期
    摘要：Impaired driving is known to be among the leading causes of death and injury on roads; however, the existing measures to address this menace appear to be insufficient. This paper presents a novel method to detect intoxicated driving and lays a foundation that can be implemented in future cars to derive personalized models of drivers and to detect not only intoxicated driving but also other reckless driving styles. We employ system identification techniques to develop models for sober and impaired drivers. A total of 200 sets of data from various subject drivers were collected in a high-fidelity driving simulator. The lateral preview error and the steering wheel angle were considered the input and output of a driver, respectively. We will demonstrate that the autoregressive noise integration moving average with exogenous input (ARIMAX) model best fits the data to describe the steering behavior of drivers. The positions of model poles are shown to be a good indicator of intoxicated driving behavior. An aggressive driving style due to impaired driving leads to the migration of dominant poles toward the instability region. The Kalman filter and online identification techniques are used to update the driver model during driving. The poles of this updated model are used for the detection of impaired driving.
  • 16.

    【24hr】Toward Privacy-Protecting Safety Systems for Naturalistic Driving Videos

    包量

    机译 走向自然驾驶视频的保护隐私的安全系统
    摘要：A common pool of naturalistic driving data is necessary to develop and compare algorithms that infer driver behavior, in order to improve driving safety. Naturalistic driving data, such as video sequences of looking at a driver, however, cause concern for the privacy of individual drivers. In an ideal situation, a deidentification filter applied to a raw image of looking at a driver would, semantically, protect the identity and preserve the behavior (e.g., eye gaze, head pose, and hand activity) of the driver. Driver gaze estimation is of particular interest because it is a good indicator of a driver's visual attention and a good predictor of a driver's intent. Interestingly, the same facial features that are explicitly or implicitly used for gaze estimation play a key role in recognizing a person's identity. In this paper, we implement a specific deidentification filter on video sequences of looking at a driver from naturalistic driving and present novel findings on its effect on face recognition and driver gaze-zone estimation.
  • 17.

    【24hr】A Two-Objective Timetable Optimization Model in Subway Systems

    包量

    机译 地铁系统中的两目标时间表优化模型
    摘要：The train timetable optimization problem in subway systems is to determine arrival and departure times for trains at stations so that the resources can be effectively utilized and the trains can be efficiently operated. Because the energy saving and the service quality are paid more attention, this paper proposes a timetable optimization model to increase the utilization of regenerative energy and, simultaneously, to shorten the passenger waiting time. First, we formulate a two-objective integer programming model with headway time and dwell time control. Second, we design a genetic algorithm with binary encoding to find the optimal solution. Finally, we conduct numerical examples based on the operation data from the Beijing Yizhuang subway line of China. The results illustrate that the proposed model can save energy by 8.86% and reduce passenger waiting time by 3.22% in comparison with the current timetable.
  • 18.

    【24hr】An Efficient Visibility Enhancement Algorithm for Road Scenes Captured by Intelligent Transportation Systems

    包量

    机译 智能交通系统捕捉道路场景的高效能见度增强算法
    摘要：The visibility of images of outdoor road scenes will generally become degraded when captured during inclement weather conditions. Drivers often turn on the headlights of their vehicles and streetlights are often activated, resulting in localized light sources in images capturing road scenes in these conditions. Additionally, sandstorms are also weather events that are commonly encountered when driving in some regions. In sandstorms, atmospheric sand has a propensity to irregularly absorb specific portions of a spectrum, thereby causing color-shift problems in the captured image. Traditional state-of-the-art restoration techniques are unable to effectively cope with these hazy road images that feature localized light sources or color-shift problems. In response, we present a novel and effective haze removal approach to remedy problems caused by localized light sources and color shifts, which thereby achieves superior restoration results for single hazy images. The performance of the proposed method has been proven through quantitative and qualitative evaluations. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed haze removal technique can more effectively recover scene radiance while demanding fewer computational costs than traditional state-of-the-art haze removal techniques.
  • 19.

    【24hr】Future Dual-Frequency GPS Navigation System for Intelligent Air Transportation Under Strong Ionospheric Scintillation

    包量

    机译 强电离层闪烁下未来智能航空运输的双频GPS导航系统
    • 作者：Seo J.;Walter T.;
    • 刊名：Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on
    • 2014年第5期
    摘要：GPS technology is essential for future intelligent air transportation systems such as the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) of the United States. However, observed deep and frequent amplitude fading of GPS signals due to ionospheric scintillation can be a major concern in expanding GPS-guided aviation to the equatorial area where strong scintillation is expected. Current civil GPS airborne avionics track signals at a single frequency (L1 frequency) alone because it was the only civil signal available in the frequency band for aviation applications. The first GPS Block IIF satellite was launched in May 2010. This next-generation satellite transmits a new civil signal at the L5 frequency, which can be used for air transportation. This paper investigates a possible improvement in the availability of GPS-based aircraft landing guidance down to 200 ft above the runway, which is also known as Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV) 200, under strong ionospheric scintillation when dual-frequency signals are available. Based on the availability study, this paper proposes and justifies a GPS aviation receiver performance standard mandating fast reacquisition after a very brief signal outage due to scintillation. In order to support a temporary single-frequency operation under a single-frequency loss due to scintillation, a new vertical protection level (VPL) equation is proposed and justified. With this new performance requirement and new VPL equation in place, 99% availability of LPV-200 would be attainable, rather than 50% at the current standards, even under the severe scintillation scenarios considered in this paper.
  • 20.

    【24hr】Probabilistic and Holistic Prediction of Vehicle States Using Sensor Fusion for Application to Integrated Vehicle Safety Systems

    包量

    机译 使用传感器融合技术的车辆状态概率和整体预测在集成车辆安全系统中的应用
    • 作者：Kim B.;Yi K.;
    • 刊名：Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on
    • 2014年第5期
    摘要：This paper presents a probabilistic and holistic prediction algorithm for vehicle states using multisensor fushion. Three concerns are mainly considered in this paper, i.e., reliable and reasonable information fusion, extension of predicted states, and real-time evaluation of prediction uncertainties. The main idea of this paper is that a state-prediction problem can be solved as a multistage optimal estimation problem based on the current vehicle motion, a road geometry description in the current body-fixed frame, a path-following behavior model, and the error covariance of each. The prediction algorithm consists of two sequential parts. The first part is estimation, which contains a vehicle filter that estimates the current vehicle states, and a road geometry filter, which approximates the road geometry. The second part is prediction, which consists of a path-following model that generates the future desired yaw rate, which acts as a virtual measurement, and a vehicle predictor, which predicts the future vehicle states by a maximum-likelihood filtering method. The prediction performance of the proposed method has been investigated via vehicle tests. Moreover, its applicability to integrated vehicle safety system (IVSS) has been validated via computer simulation studies. It is shown that the state-prediction performance can be significantly enhanced by the proposed prediction algorithm compared with conventional methods. The enhancement of the prediction performance allows for the improvement of driver assistance functions of an IVSS by providing accurate predictions about the future driving environment.
  • 21.

    【24hr】Driver/Vehicle Response Diagnostic System for the Vehicle-Following Case

    包量

    机译 随车案件驾驶员/车辆反应诊断系统
    摘要：It is well known that not all drivers drive the same and that the same driver has different driving characteristics with different vehicles. Identifying the characteristics that are unique to each driver/vehicle response opens the way for more personalized and accurate driver assistance systems. In this paper, we consider the problem of identifying the driver/vehicle characteristics by processing real-time driving response data. We propose the use of a Gaussian mixture model combined with the knowledge of dynamic characteristics modeled as probability distributions together with additional logic and appropriate thresholds in order to implement a real-time driver/vehicle response diagnostics system. We focus our efforts on the vehicle-following part of driving. The system is tested on a customized vehicle using different drivers under different driving conditions. We demonstrated that the system can distinguish between different drivers and can classify driver aggressiveness during vehicle following.
  • 22.

    【24hr】Mobile Traffic Sensor Routing in Dynamic Transportation Systems

    包量

    机译 动态交通系统中的移动交通传感器路由
    摘要：In transportation networks, traditional fixed sensors are used to monitor the operation of transportation systems. However, fixed sensors cannot move once they are installed. In this paper, the motion ability of traffic sensors is introduced to improve the performance of transportation network surveillance. A mobile traffic sensor routing problem is proposed, modeled as a novel vehicle routing problem. A measure of traffic information acquisition benefits is developed and used to gauge the surveillance performance. To solve this mobile-sensor routing problem, a hybrid two-stage heuristic algorithm is designed, which is based on particle swarm optimization and ant colony optimization. Numerical experiments are conducted. The results show that the mobile traffic sensor has a better network surveillance performance than the fixed sensor in most experimental cases.
  • 23.

    【24hr】Growing Spatially Embedded Social Networks for Activity-Travel Analysis Based on Artificial Transportation Systems

    包量

    机译 基于人工运输系统的空间嵌入式社交网络用于活动-旅行分析
    • 作者：Chen S.;Zhu F.;Cao J.;
    • 刊名：Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on
    • 2014年第5期
    摘要：Social activity-travel has gained more and more attention as it is a growing percentage of the whole travel. To study its generation mechanism and behavioral characteristics, social network data are usually essential. However, due to individual privacy, it is rather difficult for traditional methods such as questionnaires to collect abundant reliable data. Therefore, we propose a novel method to grow realistic social networks based on artificial transportation systems (ATS). By incorporating the activity-travel simulation provided by ATS and a new agent-based model for social interaction, the method takes into account human mobility to generate spatially embedded social networks. Human mobility shapes and impacts social networks dynamically but is usually ignored by related studies. A case study based on computational experiments is carried out to verify the method. The results indicate that the method can generate social networks with similar topological and spatial characteristics to real social networks.
  • 24.

    【24hr】GNSS/Cellular Hybrid Positioning System for Mobile Users in Urban Scenarios

    包量

    机译 城市场景中移动用户的GNSS /蜂窝混合定位系统
    摘要：This paper proposes a hybrid scheme for user positioning in an urban scenario using both a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and a mobile cellular network. To maintain receiver complexity (and costs) at a minimum, the location scheme combines the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) technique measurements obtained from the cellular network with GNNS pseudorange measurements. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm is used as a data integration system over the time axis. Simulated results, which are obtained starting from real measurements, demonstrate that the use of cellular network data may provide increased location accuracy when the number of visible satellites is not adequate. In every case, the obtained accuracy is within the limits required by emergency location services, e.g., Enhanced 911 (E911).
  • 25.

    【24hr】Parallel Traffic Management System and Its Application to the 2010 Asian Games

    包量

    机译 并行交通管理系统及其在2010年亚运会上的应用
    摘要：Field data are important for convenient daily travel of urban residents, reducing traffic congestion and accidents, pursuing a low-carbon environment-friendly sustainable development strategy, and meeting the extra peak traffic demand of large sporting events or large business activities, etc. To meet the field data demand during the 2010 Asian (Para) Games held in Guangzhou, China, based on the novel Artificial systems, Computational experiments, and Parallel execution (ACP) approach, the Parallel Traffic Management System (PtMS) was developed. It successfully helps to achieve smoothness, safety, efficiency, and reliability of public transport management during the two games, supports public traffic management and decision making, and helps enhance the public traffic management level from experience-based policy formulation and manual implementation to scientific computing-based policy formulation and implementation. The PtMS represents another new milestone in solving the management difficulty of real-world complex systems.
  • 26.

    【24hr】Computational Traffic Experiments Based on Artificial Transportation Systems: An Application of ACP Approach

    包量

    机译 基于人工运输系统的计算交通实验：ACP方法的应用
    • 作者：Zhu F.;Wen D.;Chen S.;
    • 刊名：Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on
    • 2013年第1期
    摘要：The Artificial societies, Computational experiments, and Parallel execution (ACP) approach provides us an opportunity to look into new methods that address transportation problems from new perspectives. In this paper, we present our work and results of applying the ACP approach on modeling and analyzing transportation systems, particularly carrying out computational experiments based on artificial transportation systems (ATSs). Two aspects in the modeling process are analyzed. The first is growing an ATS from the bottom up using agent-based technologies. The second is modeling environmental impacts under the principle of “simple is consistent.” Finally, three computational experiments are carried out on one specific ATS, i.e., Jinan-ATS, and numerical results are presented to illustrate the applications of our method.
  • 27.

    【24hr】Estimating Real-Time Traffic Carbon Dioxide Emissions Based on Intelligent Transportation System Technologies

    包量

    机译 基于智能交通系统技术的实时交通二氧化碳排放量估算
    摘要：In this paper, a bottom–up vehicle emission model is proposed to estimate real-time $hbox{CO}_{2}$ emissions using intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies. In the proposed model, traffic data that were collected by ITS are fully utilized to estimate detailed vehicle technology data (e.g., vehicle type) and driving pattern data (e.g., speed, acceleration, and road slope) in the road network. The road network is divided into a set of small road segments to consider the effects of heterogeneous speeds within a road link. A real-world case study in Beijing, China, is carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model. The spatiotemporal distributions of $ hbox{CO}_{2}$ emissions in Beijing are analyzed and discussed. The results of the case study indicate that ITS technologies can be a useful tool for real-time estimations of $hbox{CO}_{2}$ emissions with a high spatiotemporal resolution.
  • 28.

    【24hr】A Cooperative Scheduling Model for Timetable Optimization in Subway Systems

    包量

    机译 地铁系统时间表优化的协同调度模型
    摘要：In subway systems, the energy put into accelerating trains can be reconverted into electric energy by using the motors as generators during the braking phase. In general, except for a small part that is used for onboard purposes, most of the recovery energy is transmitted backward along the conversion chain and fed back into the overhead contact line. To improve the utilization of recovery energy, this paper proposes a cooperative scheduling approach to optimize the timetable so that the recovery energy that is generated by the braking train can directly be used by the accelerating train. The recovery that is generated by the braking train is less than the required energy for the accelerating train; therefore, only the synchronization between successive trains is considered. First, we propose the cooperative scheduling rules and define the overlapping time between the accelerating and braking trains for a peak-hours scenario and an off-peak-hours scenario, respectively. Second, we formulate an integer programming model to maximize the overlapping time with the headway time and dwell time control. Furthermore, we design a genetic algorithm with binary encoding to solve the optimal timetable. Last, we present six numerical examples based on the operation data from the Beijing Yizhuang subway line in China. The results illustrate that the proposed model can significantly improve the overlapping time by 22.06% at peak hours and 15.19% at off-peak hours.
  • 29.

    【24hr】An Adaptive Longitudinal Driving Assistance System Based on Driver Characteristics

    包量

    机译 基于驾驶员特征的自适应纵向驾驶辅助系统
    摘要：A prototype of a longitudinal driving-assistance system, which is adaptive to driver behavior, is developed. Its functions include adaptive cruise control and forward collision warning/avoidance. The research data came from driver car-following tests in real traffic environments. Based on the data analysis, a driver model imitating the driver's operation is established to generate the desired throttle depression and braking pressure. Algorithms for collision warning and automatic braking activation are designed based on the driver's pedal deflection timing during approach (gap closing). A self-learning algorithm for driver characteristics is proposed based on the recursive least-square method with a forgetting factor. Using this algorithm, the parameters of the driver model can be identified from the data in the manual operation phase, and the identification result is applied during the automatic control phase in real time. A test bed with an electronic throttle and an electrohydraulic brake actuator is developed for system validation. The experimental results show that the self-learning algorithm is effective and that the system can, to some extent, adapt to individual characteristics.
  • 30.

    【24hr】A Gaze-Based Driver Distraction Warning System and Its Effect on Visual Behavior

    包量

    机译 基于凝视的驾驶员分心预警系统及其对视觉行为的影响
    摘要：Driver distraction is a contributing factor to many crashes; therefore, a real-time distraction warning system should have the potential to mitigate or circumvent many of these crashes. The objective of this paper is to investigate the usefulness of a real-time distraction detection algorithm called AttenD. The evaluation is based on data from an extended field study comprising seven drivers who drove on an average of 4351 $pm$ 2181 km in a naturalistic setting. Visual behavior was investigated both on a global scale and on a local scale in the surroundings of each warning. An increase in the percentage of glances at the rear-view mirror and a decrease in the amount of glances at the center console were found. The results also show that visual time sharing decreased in duration from 9.94 to 9.20 s due to the warnings, that the time from fully attentive to warning decreased from 3.20 to 3.03 s, and that the time from warning to full attentiveness decreased from 6.02 to 5.46 s. The limited number of participants does not allow any generalizable conclusions, but a trend toward improved visual behavior could be observed. This is a promising start for further improvements of the algorithm and the warning strategy.
  • 31.

    【24hr】Real-Time Detection System of Driver Distraction Using Machine Learning

    包量

    机译 基于机器学习的驾驶员分心实时检测系统
    • 作者：Tango F.;Botta M.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2013年第2期
    摘要：There is accumulating evidence that driver distraction is a leading cause of vehicle crashes and incidents. In particular, increased use of so-called in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) and partially autonomous driving assistance systems (PADAS) have raised important and growing safety concerns. Thus, detecting the driver's state is of paramount importance, to adapt IVIS and PADAS accordingly, therefore avoiding or mitigating their possible negative effects. The purpose of this paper is to show a method for the nonintrusive and real-time detection of visual distraction, using vehicle dynamics data and without using the eye-tracker data as inputs to classifiers. Specifically, we present and compare different models that are based on well-known machine learning (ML) methods. Data for training the models were collected using a static driving simulator, with real human subjects performing a specific secondary task [i.e., a surrogate visual research task (SURT)] while driving. Different training methods, model characteristics, and feature selection criteria have been compared. Based on our results, using a support vector machine (SVM) has outperformed all the other ML methods, providing the highest classification rate for most of the subjects. Potential applications of this paper include the design of an adaptive IVIS and of a “smarter” PADAS.
  • 32.

    【24hr】Emergency Management of Urban Rail Transportation Based on Parallel Systems

    包量

    机译 基于并行系统的城市轨道交通应急管理
    摘要：Integrating artificial systems, computational experiments, and parallel execution (ACP) is an effective approach to modeling, simulating, and intervening real complex systems. Emergency response is an important issue in the operation of urban rail transport systems for ensuring the safety of people and property. Inspired by the ACP method, this paper introduces a basic framework of parallel control and management (PCM) for emergency response of urban rail transportation systems. The proposed framework is elaborated from three interdependent aspects: Points, Lines, and Networks. Points represent the modeling of urban rail stations, Lines describe the microscopic characteristics of urban rail connections between designated stations, and Networks present the macroscopic properties of all the urban rail connections. Based on the given framework, a series of parallel experiments, which were impossible to achieve in real systems, can now be conducted in the constructed artificial system. Furthermore, the constructed artificial system can be used to test and develop effective emergency control and management strategies for real rail transport systems. Therefore, this proposed framework will be able to enhance the reliability, security, robustness, and maneuverability of urban rail transport systems in case of an emergency.
  • 33.

    【24hr】A Newly Developed Safety-Critical Computer System for China Metro

    包量

    机译 中国地铁新开发的安全关键计算机系统
    摘要：Applications of advanced electronic technologies have greatly increased the efficiency and performance of safety-critical computer systems. In addition, the architectural flexibility of these systems reduces the types of printed circuit boards they can use, thereby reducing difficulties with maintenance. A newly developed safety-critical computer system is presented in this paper. The system uses some advanced electronic technologies and can be reconfigured to be a triple-modular-redundant system or a dual-modular-duplex-redundant system for different applications. The system's architecture and fail-safe technologies are discussed, and its reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety (RAMS) are evaluated based on the Markov method. Based on these evaluations, the safety-critical computer system developed herein demonstrates great potential for rail use.
  • 34.

    【24hr】A Topology-Based Model for Railway Train Control Systems

    包量

    机译 基于拓扑的铁路列车控制系统模型
    摘要：An innovative topology-based method for modeling railway train control systems is proposed in this paper. The method addresses the problems of having to rely too much on designers' experience and of incurring excessive cost of validation and verification in the development of railway train control systems. Four topics are discussed in the paper: 1) the definition of basic topological units for modeling railway networks, based on the essential characteristics of these units; 2) the concept of a train movement authority topological space; 3) the interpretation of the train control logic as a topological space construct; and 4) topological space theorems for train control system verification. A case study is also presented, where the approach was applied in the simulation model of a typical railway network, and the results show good performance, which meets the system requirements.
  • 35.

    【24hr】A Probabilistic Framework for Decision-Making in Collision Avoidance Systems

    包量

    机译 防撞系统中决策的概率框架
    摘要：This paper is concerned with the problem of decision-making in systems that assist drivers in avoiding collisions. An important aspect of these systems is not only assisting the driver when needed but also not disturbing the driver with unnecessary interventions. Aimed at improving both of these properties, a probabilistic framework is presented for jointly evaluating the driver acceptance of an intervention and the necessity thereof to automatically avoid a collision. The intervention acceptance is modeled as high if it estimated that the driver judges the situation as critical, based on the driver's observations and predictions of the traffic situation. One advantage with the proposed framework is that interventions can be initiated at an earlier stage when the estimated driver acceptance is high. Using a simplified driver model, the framework is applied to a few different types of collision scenarios. The results show that the framework has appealing properties, both with respect to increasing the system benefit and to decreasing the risk of unnecessary interventions.
  • 36.

    【24hr】Development and Field Trial of a Driver Assistance System to Encourage Eco-Driving in Light Commercial Vehicle Fleets

    包量

    机译 鼓励轻型商用车车队生态驾驶的驾驶员辅助系统的开发和现场试验
    摘要：Driver training schemes and eco-driving techniques can reduce fuel consumption by 10%, but their effectiveness depends on the willingness of drivers to change their behavior, and changes may be short lived. Onboard driver assistance systems have been proposed, which encourage driving style improvement. Such systems, when fitted in commercial vehicles, can assume some authority since uneconomical driving styles can be reported to a fleet manager. A driver assistance system has been developed and tried in the field with commercial vehicle drivers. The system aims to reduce fuel consumption by encouraging two behaviors: reduced rates of acceleration, and early upshifting through the gears. Visual feedback is reinforced with audible warnings when the driver makes uneconomical power demands of the engine. Field trials of the system were undertaken in the U.K. using 15 light commercial vehicles, driven by their professional drivers from a range of commercial applications. The trials consisted of two-week baseline data collection, which drivers were not aware of, followed by two weeks of data collection with the system being active. During the trials a total of 39 300 km of trip data were collected, which demonstrated fuel savings of up to 12% and average fuel savings of 7.6%.
  • 37.

    【24hr】An Optimization Framework for Driver Feedback Systems

    包量

    机译 驾驶员反馈系统的优化框架
    摘要：Modern vehicles have sophisticated electronic control units that can control engine operation with discretion to balance fuel economy, emissions, and power. These control units are designed for specific driving conditions (e.g., different speed profiles for highway and city driving). However, individual driving styles are different and rarely match the specific driving conditions for which the units were designed. In the research reported here, we investigate driving-style factors that have a major impact on fuel economy and construct an optimization framework to optimize individual driving styles with respect to these driving factors. In this context, we construct a set of polynomial metamodels to reflect the responses produced in fuel economy by changing the driving factors. Then, we compare the optimized driving styles to the original driving styles and evaluate the effectiveness of the optimization framework. Finally, we use this proposed framework to develop a real-time feedback system, including visual instructions, to enable drivers to alter their driving styles in response to actual driving conditions to improve fuel efficiency.
  • 38.

    【24hr】Design and Evaluation of a Robust Optical Beam-Interruption-Based Vehicle Classifier System

    包量

    机译 基于鲁棒光束干扰的车辆分类系统的设计与评估
    摘要：This paper presents the design and development of a novel optical vehicle classifier system, which is based on interruption of laser beams, that is suitable for use in places with poor transportation infrastructure. The system can estimate the speed, axle count, wheelbase, tire diameter, and the lane of motion of a vehicle. The design of the system eliminates the need for careful optical alignment, whereas the proposed estimation strategies render the estimates insensitive to angular mounting errors and to unevenness of the road. Strategies to estimate vehicular parameters are described along with the optimization of the geometry of the system to minimize estimation errors due to quantization. The system is subsequently fabricated, and the proposed features of the system are experimentally demonstrated. The relative errors in the estimation of velocity and tire diameter are shown to be within 0.5% and to change by less than 17% for angular mounting errors up to 30$^{circ}$ . In the field, the classifier demonstrates accuracy better than 97.5% and 94%, respectively, in the estimation of the wheelbase and lane of motion and can classify vehicles with an average accuracy of over 89.5%.
  • 39.

    【24hr】Modeling and Analysis of DSA-Based Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication Systems

    包量

    机译 基于DSA的车对基础通信系统的建模与分析
    摘要：This paper presents an in-depth investigation on the feasibility of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) in vehicular environments. We present a comprehensive description of the DSA-based vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication as it takes place in the context of a scenario where spectral resources are limited. Founded on top of this description is a queueing model whose primary objectives are to capture and characterize the dynamics of this type of communication system and assess its performance in terms of several classical metrics. Simplicity and tractability distinguish the proposed model herein from existing models in the literature. Extensive simulations and numerical analysis are conducted for the purpose of validating the proposed model, evaluating the performance of DSA-based communication, and highlighting its limitations.
  • 40.

    【24hr】The Optimal System Design of the Online Electric Vehicle Utilizing Wireless Power Transmission Technology

    包量

    机译 利用无线电力传输技术的在线电动汽车优化系统设计
    • 作者：Ko;Y.D.;Jang;Y.J.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2013年第3期
    摘要：The Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV) is an innovative electric transportation system developed by the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon, Korea, which remotely picks up electricity from power transmitters buried underground. Unlike a conventional electric vehicle that requires significant recharging downtime, the battery in the OLEV can be charged while the vehicle is in motion. Selected as one of “the 50 Best Innovations of 2010” by TIME Magazine, the OLEV is considered as a potential solution for the next-generation electric public transportation system in South Korea. The prototype of the OLEV has been developed, and the commercialization process is now in progress. One of the main tasks to achieve the successful commercialization of the system is to determine economically how to allocate the power transmitters on the given routes and how to evaluate the right battery capacity for the vehicle. The allocation of the power transmitters and the size of the battery capacity directly affect the initial infrastructure cost. In this paper, we first introduce the system design issues of the mass transportation system operating with OLEV. We then present a mathematical model and an optimization method to allocate economically the power transmitters and to determine the battery capacity of the OLEV-based mass transportation system. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used as the solution method for the optimization problem. Numerical problems with sensitivity analysis are presented to show the validity of the mathematical model and solution procedure.
  • 41.

    【24hr】Pseudoranges Error Correction in Partial GPS Outages for a Nonlinear Tightly Coupled Integrated System

    包量

    机译 非线性紧密耦合集成系统在部分GPS中断中的伪距误差校正
    摘要：Integrated navigation systems based on a tightly coupled integration scheme utilize pseudoranges and pseudorange rates from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites measured by the receiver. The positioning accuracy is highly dependent on the accuracy of the pseudoranges whose residual errors can deteriorate the overall positioning accuracy. The integrated system can be improved by the provision of more accurate pseudoranges through modeling the residual correlated errors. This paper utilizes parallel cascade identification (PCI), which is a nonlinear system identification technique, to model these correlated errors. To address the nonlinear error characteristics in the whole integrated navigation system, a nonlinear filter, i.e., mixture particle filter (M-PF), is employed to perform tightly coupled integration of a 3-D reduced inertial sensor system (RISS) with a GPS. The M-PF can accommodate the PCI models of the pseudorange errors in the measurement model. The results demonstrate the advantages of using M-PF-PCI for correcting the pseudoranges and enhancing the positioning solution as compared with M-PF-only, Kalman filter (KF)-PCI, and KF-only solutions.
  • 42.

    【24hr】Erratum for “An Intelligent V2I-Based Traffic Management System”

    包量

    机译 有关“基于V2I的智能交通管理系统”的勘误
    • 作者：.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2013年第3期
    摘要：
  • 43.

    【24hr】UTN-Model-Based Traffic Flow Prediction for Parallel-Transportation Management Systems

    包量

    机译 基于UTN模型的并行运输管理系统交通流量预测
    摘要：Aiming to comply with the requirement of parallel-transportation management systems (PtMS), this paper presents a short-term traffic flow prediction method for signal-controlled urban traffic networks (UTNs) based on the macroscopic UTN model. In contrast with other time-series-based or spatio-temporal correlation methods, the proposed method focuses more on using the substantial mechanism of traffic transmission in road networks and the topology model of the entire UTN. Furthermore, this approach employs a speed-density model based on the fundamental diagram (FD) to obtain more accurate travel times in links. In the comparison experiment, the microscopic traffic simulation software CORSIM is adopted to simulate the real urban traffic. The experiment results fully verify the outstanding performances of the proposed prediction method.
  • 44.

    【24hr】New “Smart Parking” System Based on Resource Allocation and Reservations

    包量

    机译 基于资源分配和预留的新型“智能停车”系统
    摘要：We propose a novel “smart parking” system for an urban environment. The system assigns and reserves an optimal parking space based on the driver's cost function that combines proximity to destination and parking cost. Our approach solves a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem at each decision point defined in a time-driven sequence. The solution of each MILP is an optimal allocation based on current state information and is updated at the next decision point with a guarantee that there is no resource reservation conflict and that no driver is ever assigned a resource with a cost function higher than this driver's current cost function value. Based on simulation results, compared with uncontrolled parking processes or state-of-the-art guidance-based systems, our system reduces the average time to find a parking space and the parking cost, whereas the overall parking capacity is more efficiently utilized. We also describe full implementation in a garage to test this system, where a new light system scheme is proposed to guarantee user reservations.
  • 45.

    【24hr】Statistical Behavior Modeling for Driver-Adaptive Precrash Systems

    包量

    机译 驾驶员自适应预碰撞系统的统计行为建模
    摘要：Precrash systems have the potential for preventing or mitigating the results of an accident. However, optimal precrash activation can be only achieved by a driver–individual parameterization of the activation function. In this paper, an adaptation model is proposed, which calculates a driver-adapted activation threshold for the considered precrash algorithm. The model analyzes past situations to calculate a driver–individual activation threshold that achieves a desired activation frequency. The advantage of the proposed model is that the distribution is estimated using a distribution model. This has the result that an activation threshold can be already determined using a small data set. In addition, the confidence interval that has to be considered is decreased. The proposed model was applied in a study with test subjects. Results of this paper confirm the usability of the model. In comparison with an empirical approach, the proposed model achieves a significantly lower threshold and, thus, a higher safety effect of the system.
  • 46.

    【24hr】Adaptive Personalized Travel Information Systems: A Bayesian Method to Learn Users' Personal Preferences in Multimodal Transport Networks

    包量

    机译 自适应个性化旅行信息系统：贝叶斯方法来学习多式联运网络中用户的个人偏好
    • 作者：Arentze T.A.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2013年第4期
    摘要：Providing personalized advice is an important objective in the development of advanced traveler information systems. In this paper, a Bayesian method to incorporate learning of users' personal travel preferences in a multimodal routing system is proposed. The system learns preference parameters incrementally based on travel choices a user makes. Existing Bayesian inference methods require too much computation time for the learning problem that we are dealing with here. Therefore, an approximation method is developed, which is based on sequential processing of preference parameters and systematic sampling of the parameter space. The data of repetitive travel choices of a representative sample of individuals are used to test the system. The results indicate that the system rapidly adapts to a user and learns his or her preferences effectively. The efficiency of the algorithm allows the system to handle realistically sized learning problems with short response times even when many users are to be simultaneously processed. It is therefore concluded that the approach is feasible; problems for future research are identified.
  • 47.

    【24hr】A Vision-Based System for Monitoring the Loss of Attention in Automotive Drivers

    包量

    机译 基于视觉的汽车驾驶员注意力流失监测系统
    摘要：Onboard monitoring of the alertness level of an automotive driver has been challenging to research in transportation safety and management. In this paper, we propose a robust real-time embedded platform to monitor the loss of attention of the driver during day and night driving conditions. The percentage of eye closure has been used to indicate the alertness level. In this approach, the face is detected using Haar-like features and is tracked using a Kalman filter. The eyes are detected using principal component analysis during daytime and using the block local-binary-pattern features during nighttime. Finally, the eye state is classified as open or closed using support vector machines. In-plane and off-plane rotations of the driver's face have been compensated using affine transformation and perspective transformation, respectively. Compensation in illumination variation is carried out using bihistogram equalization. The algorithm has been cross-validated using brain signals and, finally, has been implemented on a single-board computer that has an Intel Atom processor with a 1.66-GHz clock, a random access memory of 1 GB, $times$86 architecture, and a Windows-embedded XP operating system. The system is found to be robust under actual driving conditions.
  • 48.

    【24hr】VAIT: A Visual Analytics System for Metropolitan Transportation

    包量

    机译 VAIT：大都市交通的可视化分析系统
    摘要：With the increasing availability of metropolitan transportation data, such as those from vehicle Global Positioning Systems (GPSs) and road-side sensors, it has become viable for authorities, operators, and individuals to analyze the data for better understanding of the transportation system and, possibly, improved utilization and planning of the system. We report our experience in building the Visual Analytics for Intelligent Transportation (VAIT) system, which is the first system on real-life large-scale data sets for intelligent transportation. Our key observation is that metropolitan transportation data are inherently visual as they are spatio-temporal around road networks. Therefore, we visualize and manage traffic data, together with digital maps, and support analytical queries through this interactive visual interface. As a case study, we demonstrate VAIT on real-world taxi GPS and meter data sets from 15 000 taxis running for two months in a Chinese city of over 10 million people. We discuss the technical challenges in data calibration, storage, visualization, and query processing and offer first-hand lessons learned from developing the system. Based on our extensive empirical experiment results, VAIT beats state-of-the-art methods and systems in terms of scalability, efficiency, and effectiveness and offers us an easy-to-use, efficient, and scalable platform to shed more light on intelligent transportation research.
  • 49.

    【24hr】Minimal-Energy Driving Strategy for High-Speed Electric Train With Hybrid System Model

    包量

    机译 混合系统模型的高速电动火车最小能量驱动策略
    摘要：This paper studies a minimal-energy driving strategy for high-speed electric trains with a fixed travel time. A hybrid system model is proposed to describe the new characteristics of high-speed electric trains, including the extended speed range, energy efficiency, and regenerative braking. Based on this model, train driving is characterized by the gear sequence and the switching locations. An approximate gradient information is derived via the variational principle. To avoid a combinatorial explosion, the gear sequence is fixed by a priori knowledge. Then, a gradient-based exterior point method is proposed to calculate the optimal driving. In the case study, the minimal-energy driving with a fixed travel time for CRH-3 is investigated, and the result reveals some new understandings for high-speed electric train drive. Additionally, the tradeoff relationship between energy consumption and travel time is quantitatively studied, which is helpful in assigning an appropriate travel time for high-speed trains.
  • 50.

    【24hr】Design, Analysis, and Validation of a Haptic-Based Driver Support System for Traction Control

    包量

    机译 基于触觉的用于牵引力控制的驾驶员辅助系统的设计，分析和验证
    • 作者：Corno M.;
    • 刊名：IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
    • 2013年第4期
    摘要：This paper presents the design of a driver support system for the manual acceleration control of a car. The aim of the system is that of assisting the driver safely accelerating on a slippery surface. A force feedback (haptic) gas pedal guides the driver toward applying the correct throttle; the haptic-based approach enables the driver to override the system if needed. The following three main issues are addressed: 1) the choice of the feedback law; 2) the stability of the haptic interaction at the neuromusculoskeletal level, formally analyzed through the passivity framework; and 3) the tuning and the validation of the system. An experimental campaign, carried out with a driver-in-the-loop simulator in two driving scenarios, shows that the system improves safety without negatively affecting performance. The occurrences of the loss of control are reduced from 35% without haptic feedback to 10% with haptic feedback. The subjective feedback from the test drivers is also analyzed, showing acceptance.
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