When Water Flows Over Smooth Metal

摘要

In hydroelectric turbines, the water rushes over smooth turbine blades. The hope of upgrading1 such turbines, over and above their currently estimated energy transfer efficiency of 95%, depends on extracting additional energy from the intermolecular hydrogen bonds and somehow adding this energy to the gravitational energy stored in the water behind the dam. This seems a tall order, but it is not impossible. An early indication of bond energy liberation was the electrocution/shock of a steam pipe handler.