Prediction of outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor coverage in urban areasat 1.8 GHz

摘要

A run-time efficient three-dimensional radio propagationnprediction model is presented. The model allows mobile network operatorsnto predict the outdoor and the outdoor-to-indoor coverage in dense urbannareas using one general prediction model. It integrates almost allnrelevant propagation phenomena in dense urban areas with an accuracyncomparable to the results of dedicated prediction models. The requirednhigh resolution building data is stored in vector as well as rasternformat. Depending on the terrain processing task, the format resultingnin the shorter run-time is employed. A huge amount of measurements fromnthe Global System for Mobile Communications 1800 network of E-Plus havenbeen used to derive the heuristics and empirical correction factorsnincluded in the model. It is shown that the prediction accuracy can benimproved significantly by considering vegetation effects and multipathnpropagation. Measurements justify multipath propagation only up to andistance of measurements from the base stations (BSs) in an dense urbannenvironment. This is another source of significant run-time savings.nConsequently, the prediction time of large areas decreases dramaticallynby neglecting multipath effects at these distances. A semiempiricalnbuilding penetration extension is used to derive indoor predictions forneach floor based on outdoor predictions at ground-level combined with anheight gain model. An additional deterministic component is incorporatednin case the BS and (parts of) the building are in line of sight.nPreliminary tests show a sufficient match between the measurements andnthe outdoor as well as the outdoor-to-indoor predictions