Agriculture and environmental change at Qingpu, Yangtze delta region, China: a biomarker, stable isotope and palynological approach

摘要

Rice (Oryza sp.) agriculture sustains vast numbers of people and, despite great advancements made in recent years, questions about its origins and spread throughout Asia remain unanswered. This study uses sedimentary biomarker, stable carbon isotope and palynological analyses to investigate early rice agriculture in the Yangtze delta, a region where rice agriculture emerged at least 7000 years ago. Accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) ~(14)C dating reveals the age of sedimentary section to be between c. 6000 and 1800 cal. BP. Widespread clearing of forest vegetation c. 2400 cal. BP, is the earliest major human influence detected in the Qingpu record. Following this, rice agriculture probably dominated the Qingpu area. Evidence supporting rice agriculture after c. 2400 cal. BP is provided by increased Poaceae and Cereal-type taxa, which occur with high concentrations of plant wax n-alkanes with a dominant C_3 plant origin (C_(27)-C_(31) with odd/even preference, δ~(13)C -29.8per thousand to —36.3per thousand). Also, high concentrations of a C_(20) highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) thought to be from epiphytic algae associated with rice agriculture occur after c. 2400 cal. BP. ~(13)C-depleted diploptene (in high concentrations) and ~(13)C-depleted C_(31) 3b-methyl-hopanes of methanotrophic bacterial origin also occur after c. 2400 cal. BP. The strong methane cycle detected in the trench sediment may have provided an alternative CO_2 source for plants and algae associated with rice agriculture.