Geology, geomorphology and dynamics of the 15 February 2010 Maierato landslide (Calabria, Italy)

摘要

On 15 February 2010, as a result of intense and long-lasting rainfalls, a large landslide affected a wide area near the town of Maierato (Calabria, Italy). The studies conducted - including (ⅰ) aerial photo interpretation, (ⅱ) geological and geomorphological field investigations, (ⅲ) interpretations of lithology and stratigraphy from borehole data, and (ⅳ) observation of videos filmed during the main diastrophic phases of the landslide and of antecedent Google Street View® images - allowed researchers to reconstruct the geological and tectonic setting of the slope and the internal structure of the landslide with the estimation of the depth of the sliding surface, the triggering mechanisms and its evolution. The analysis of the prelandslide event setting demonstrates that this mass movement is the reactivation of a preexisting landslide of alleged seismic origin, remaining at an incipient stage. The Maierato landslide occurred on a gentle slope made of late Miocene to Plio-Pleistocene clastic and evaporitic sedimentary rocks. The main basal failure surface that developed on the hemipelagic marls has a maximum depth of 50 m. The volume of the landslide is ～5 million cubic meters. The type of landslide movement is a complex one, consisting of a very rapid slide of rock and earth and of flow of debris and earth. The landslide clearly shows three major types of failure mechanisms: the first type is described as a rapidly moving rotational slide where back-tilted blocks of sediment are preserved; the second type includes a very rapidly moving translational slide of large rock blocks; the third type includes sudden, extremely rapid flow-slides where the slide material is disaggregated while flowing downward along a gentle slope. The slide is a compound one, with a retrogressive evolution and transformation into earth and debris flow during the failure. After the triggering of the landslide, and as a result of the relevant displacement, an important portion of the lower evaporitic unit (Calcare di Base Formation), close to the failure surface, collapsed, thereby undergoing a quick change of its mechanical behavior that became similar to that of a viscous fluid. During the landslide evolution, large rocky blocks consisting of Miocene evaporitic limestones, Pliocene silty clays, and sands were rafted, without severe disturbance, on the destructurated and fluidized limestone. The intense destructuration and the presence of water transformed the limestone (in the lower parts of the unit) into a viscous material that was squeezed out of the landslide mass through the jags between the several rafted rocky blocks and along the natural levees of flow tongue. This event is a rather frequent combination of mass movements made complicated and spectacular by the fluid-ization of the weak limestone that imparted great dynamics to the movements. Such fluidization is an infrequent phenomenon especially in this geological context.