Rejuvenation of the Fish Canyon magma body: A window into the evolution of large-volume silicic magma systems

摘要

Voluminous, unzoned, phenocryst-rich pyroclastic deposits, considered as erupted batholiths, provide a unique opportunity to investigate magmatic processes in silicic magmas. The Fish Canyon Tuff, a well-documented example of these monotonous ignimbrites, displays evidence for simultaneous dissolution of feldspars + quartz and crystallization of hydrous phases during gradual near-isobaric reheating from 720 to 760 °C. These observations, along with a high crystallinity (45%) and near-solidus mineral assemblage, suggest that the Fish Canyon magma cooled to a rigid crystal mush before being partly remelted prior to eruption. Rejuvenation was triggered by intrusion of water-rich mafic magmas at the base of the Fish Canyon mush, but the mechanisms of heat transfer remain poorly understood. The growth of amphibole during reheating requires addition of mafic components, but the absence of any measurable gradients and the paucity of mafic enclaves in the Fish Canyon magma rule out a reheating event dominated by convective mixing with a mafic magma. Closed-system processes, such as heat conduction and convective self-mixing, could not account for the transport of externally derived mafic components. We performed numerical simulations of upward percolation of a hot, low-density H₂O-CO₂ fluid phase (gas sparging) through a crystalline framework saturated with rhyolitic melt to assess the efficiency of such a process in rejuvenating silicic mushes in open systems. Sparging by 20–40 km3 of gas extracted from 3000 km3 of mafic magma is capable of reheating 7500 km3 of silicic crystal mush by >40 °C in 150–200 k.y. Moreover, the vertical thermal gradient after 150 k.y. in most of the mush is small (25 °C in the upper 65%). Gas sparging also produces an increase in the internal pressure of silicic crystal mushes and may lead to the formation of crystal-poor rhyolites by expelling interstitial melt. However, our simulations predict that filter pressing driven by sparging of externally derived gas could not solely account for the generation of the most voluminous rhyolites.