What do pacemakers, anti-lock braking systems, computer disk drives, and cell phones have in common? These products and many others rely on the complex characteristics of one or more waveforms for their correct operation. When the product actually is operating, these signals may be provided by special-purpose circuitry—the base-station infrastructure in the case of a cell phone. Signals may be generated by a transducer that senses a wheel turning on a car or a disk rotating in a computer. Or electrical signals can be generated directly in physiological testing of nerves and muscles.
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