Editorial

摘要

The attacks on the foundations of European social models appear to be gathering pace. Back in 1944, Polanyi wrote of a 'double movement', the commodification of labour with the rise of capitalism in the 19th century, followed a century later by a 'counter-movement' to reverse at least the worst features of market anarchy. In different forms across Western Europe, this counter-movement involved a floor of minimum standards (wages, hours of work), restrictions on the employer's ability to hire and fire, the creation of institutions of independent workplace 'voice', the rise of encompassing collective bargaining, redistributive taxation and systems of social protection and welfare.