Examining the status of improved air quality in world cities due to COVID-19 led temporary reduction in anthropogenic emissions

摘要

Clean air is a fundamental necessity for human health and well-being. Anthropogenic emissions that are harmful to human health have been reduced substantially under COVID-19 lockdown. Satellite remote sensing for air pollution assessments can be highly effective in public health research because of the possibility of estimating air pollution levels over large scales. In this study, we utilized both satellite and surface measurements to estimate air pollution levels in 20 cities across the world. Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Sentinel-5 Precursor TROPO-spheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) application were used for both spatial and time-series assessment of tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide (NO_2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) statuses during the study period (1 February to May 11, 2019 and the corresponding period in 2020). We also measured Population-Weighted Average Concentration (PWAC) of paniculate matter (PM_(2.5) and PM_(10)) and NO_2 using gridded population data and in-situ air pollution estimates. We estimated the economic benefit of reduced anthropogenic emissions using two valuation approaches: (1) the median externality value coefficient approach, applied for satellite data, and (2) the public health burden approach, applied for in-situ data. Satellite data have shown that ～28 tons (sum of 20 cities) of NO_2 and ～184 tons (sum of 20 cities) of CO have been reduced during the study period. PM_(2.5), PM_(10), and NO_2 are reduced by ～37 (μg/m~3), 62 (μg/m~3), and 145 (μg/m~3), respectively. A total of ～1310, ～401, and ～430 premature cause-specific deaths were estimated to be avoided with the reduction of NO_2, PM_(2.5), and PM_(10). The total economic benefits (Billion US$) (sum of 20 cities) of the avoided mortality are measured as ～10, ～3.1, and ～3.3 for NO_2, PM_(2.5), and PM_(10), respectively. In many cases, ground monitored data was found inadequate for detailed spatial assessment. This problem can be better addressed by incorporating satellite data into the evaluation if proper quality assurance is achieved, and the data processing burden can be alleviated or even removed. Both satellite and ground-based estimates suggest the positive effect of the limited human interference on the natural environments. Further research in this direction is needed to explore this synergistic association more explicitly.