Screening ecological risk of pesticides and emerging contaminants under data limited conditions - Case study modeling urban and agricultural watersheds with OrganoFate

摘要

The increasing number of chemicals used by society requires accessible, easy to implement tools to perform screening-level ecological risk assessments. However, field data to calibrate and validate screening tools is challenging to obtain for many watersheds. Thus, the evaluation must be done under data limited conditions. Here we employ a fate and transport model, OrganoFate, to predict environmental concentrations of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) as well as a number of pesticides. CECs evaluated include antibacterial compounds sulfamethoxazole and triclocarban and a flame-retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP). We also evaluated widely used pesticides chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin and esfenvalerate. We predict concentrations of the contaminants in high-risk watersheds which were dominated by either urban or agricultural development and have small aquatic compartments. Screening-level predictions were in good agreement with observed concentrations in surface water and sediment. Maximum predicted concentrations were close to the highest observed concentrations for CECs, only -0.1 mu g/L greater for sulfamethoxazole and triclocarban concentrations, and for TDCPP 5 mu g/L higher. ChemFate was also employed to screen possible aquatic health impacts. Results demonstrated possible CEC aquatic health risk for TDCPP and triclocarban (risk quotients of 0.9 and 1.1 respectively). For pesticides, exceedance of effect (EC50) and lethal (LC50) endpoints was predicted for various taxonomic groups which include aquatic invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and benthic organisms.