Legacy and emerging organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in frogs: Sex difference and parental transfer

摘要

Black-spotted frogs and bullfrogs from an e-waste polluted area were collected and examined for legacy and emerging organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and plasticizers. Total concentrations of PFRs and plasticizers were 0.62-15 ng/g wet weight (ww) and 316-4904 ng/g ww in muscles, 2.2-59 ng/g ww and 127-5757 ng/g ww in eggs and gonads, and 1.2-15 ng/g ww and 51-1510 ng/g ww in oviducts, respectively. For muscle tissues, concentrations of Sigma PFRs, triethyl phosphate, tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and tris-(chloro-2-propyl) phosphate were significantly higher in the males than females (p 0.05). However, for reproductive tissues, eggs exhibited higher levels of those contaminants than gonads (p 0.05). No significant sex difference in levels of plasticizers was observed in muscles. In contrast, levels for (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and di-iso-butyl phthalate in gonads were significantly higher than those in eggs (p 0.05). Significantly negative linear correlations between maternal transfer ratios and log Kow were found in female frogs. Paternal transfer potentials were first significantly and positively correlated to log Kow (6) and then decreased afterward in the males. These results indicated that parental transfer was answer for the sex-specific accumulation of PFRs and plasticizers in frogs. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.